Arteries And Forward Flashcards
(322 cards)
1
Q
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
A
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
2
Q
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
A
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
3
Q
What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum?
A
The iliolumbar, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery.
4
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?
A
C1-C6
5
Q
What segments are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
A
C1-C6
6
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
A
C7-T1
7
Q
What segment levels are supplied by the superior(highest) intercostal artery?
A
T1,T2
8
Q
What segment levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
A
T3-T11
9
Q
What segmental level is applied by the subcoatal artery?
A
T12
10
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
A
L1-L4
11
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?
A
L5.S1-S5 and coccyx
12
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
A
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
13
Q
What segmental levels are supplied by the lateral sacral artery?
A
L5,S1-S5 and coccyx
14
Q
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
A
L5
15
Q
What are the segmental arteries for L5?
A
Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery and lateral sacral artery.
16
Q
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?
A
Spinal artery
17
Q
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
A
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
18
Q
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
A
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
19
Q
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavin?
A
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
20
Q
What branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
A
Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
21
Q
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
A
Anterior radicular artery
22
Q
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootless, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
A
Posterior radicular artery
23
Q
Which artery is now said to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery?
A
The radicular artery
24
Q
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
A
Anterior spinal artery
25
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
26
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
27
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
28
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The posterior inferior cerebellum artery
29
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
30
Is the posterior spinal
| Artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
31
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
32
What forms the arterial vas’s corona?
Anterior spinal arteries, posterior spinal arteries and communicating arteries
33
Hahahahaha hat is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
34
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vas’s corona ?
Paul perforating arteries and central/ventral/sulcal perforating arteries.
35
What artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries?
The anterior spinal artery
36
What arterial vas’s corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries
37
What intramedullary branches supply about 1/3 of the spinal cord?
Pial perforating arteries
38
What is the source for the pial perforating arteries?
The pial plexus
39
What arteries form the pial plexus?
The posterior spinal arteries and the communicating arteries
40
What arteries are responsible for the supplementing the arterial vasa corona along the cord?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
41
What vessels drain into the spinal cord?
Pial veins
42
What will pial veins drain into?
Venous vasa corona
43
What vessels from the venous vasa corona?
Anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins and communicating veins
44
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins and posterior medullary veins
45
Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?
Anterior radicular veins
46
Which vessels will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
47
What vessel will drain the posterior/dorsal nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
48
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus,basivertebral vein
49
What luminal feature of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels may function like valves of typical veins?
Trabeculae
50
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
51
What venous vessels are identified in the IVF?
Intervertebral veins
52
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
53
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis)
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
54
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.
Dura mater:tough mother
Arachnoid mater: spider mother
Pia mater: tender or delicate mother
55
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
56
What are the vascular contents of the epidural space?
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
57
What are the neural contents of the epidural space?
Recurrent meninges/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral artery
58
What ligaments are associated with the epidural space?
Hoffman/anterior dural/meningiovertebral ligaments
Ligaments flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
59
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
60
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
61
Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Posterior longitudinal ligament and Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
62
Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
| Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
63
Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
64
Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Ligamentum flavum and Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
65
Which meningeal space is now thought to be potential space, not an actual space?
Subdural space-between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
66
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
67
Which of the contents of epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Ligamentum flavum
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
68
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
Serous fluid
69
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
70
What ligaments may be present in the subarachnoid space?
Dentate/denticulate ligament
71
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?
Dentate (denticulate) ligament
72
What is the unique feature of the veins along the spinal canal?
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
73
In the horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?
Transverse
74
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement
75
What is the greatest transverse diameter of the cord
C6
76
In which plane will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C2 down to T1?
Mid saggy tail or anterior-posterior plane
77
What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement
L1-S3 spinal nerves
78
What is a generic cord level of origin-vertebral level combination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?
L1,L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3,L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5,S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2,S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
79
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
80
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
Typically S4,S5 and Co1
81
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
82
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
Cauda equina
83
What is the continuation of the pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
Film terminals internal
84
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
85
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?
Proximal part of the filum terminale internum
86
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4.
87
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale internum appear to innervate?
Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter.
88
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
Crucial anastomosis
89
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
Filum terminale externum
90
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Coccygeal medullary vestige
91
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome
92
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord caused by a tethered cord.
93
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral nerve number along the cervical spine?
In the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 nerve is the exception to this rule). C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3
94
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and the sacrum?
In the thoracic and lumbar spine and for the sacrum, spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (Co1 nerve is the exception to this rule) T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6 and T7
95
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in the thoracic IVF?
The spinal nerve related to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number related to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple (ex: T3 nerve exits the IVF by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple)
96
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
The anterior tubercle
97
What is observed on the back of anterior arch of C1?
The fovea dentis
98
What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1
The lateral mass
99
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
Tubercle for the transverse Atlantal ligament
100
What is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1?
The posterior tubercle
101
What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?
Groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery
102
What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
The accurate rim
103
What attaches to the accurate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articulate process of the lateral mass of atlas?
A complete ponticulus posticus
104
Based on the amount of bony union between the superior articulate process and the accurate rim of C1 what structure will form?
An incomplete ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus
105
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
Accurate foramen or retroarticular canal
106
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
The inferior vertebral notch
107
What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?
The costal element.
108
What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?
The true transverse process
109
What is the most distal part of the transverse process of C1?
The posterior tubercle.
110
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
The dens or odontoid process
111
What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
Facet for fovea dentis, groove for the transverse atlantal ligament, attachments sites for the alar ligaments, attachment sit for the apical-dental ligament
112
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?
The long us colli muscle attachment
113
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The anterior lip
114
What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The posterior lip
115
What features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
Right and left lateral grooves
116
What features arise from the posterolateral Martina of the vertebral body of C2?
The Pedicles
117
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
The superior articulate process
118
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction
119
What feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicle of C2?
The inferior vertebral notch or incisure
120
What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch
121
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
122
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
It is bifid
123
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, left and right uncinate processes
124
What are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
125
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
126
What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle?
The articular pillar
127
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillars?
The groove/sulcus for the dorsal Ramos of a cervical spinal nerve
128
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
129
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result what feature?
Para-articular processes
130
List in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
131
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
132
What is the name given to the superior margin of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
The carotid tubercle
133
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
They are bifid
134
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
They are non-bifid
135
What surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
136
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7?
Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervicals
137
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle,true transverse process.
138
What are the feature of the spinous process of C7?
Long, horizontal, nonbifid
139
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from the superior view?
Somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins
140
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
It is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margins
141
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of cervicals.
142
What surfaces are present on upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body?
The right and left superior costal facet & right and left inferior costal demi-facet
143
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?
The transverse costal facet
144
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T1?
The undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal
145
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
The vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
146
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body of T2-T4 group?
The vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides
147
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?
The left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex
148
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
Aortic impression
149
What part of the vertebral body is the most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
The left side superior an inferior epiphyseal rims
150
What synovial joint surfaced are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
The right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets.
151
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior.
152
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
The transverse costal facet.
153
How do the transverse diameters of the auricular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
The superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.
154
How do the transverse diameter of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
The superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.
155
What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?
The pars interarticularis
156
What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?
The transverse process
157
What part of a vertebra arises medically from the pars interarticularis?
The lamina
158
What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
They slant backward and downward
159
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 40 degrees?
T2-T4
160
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 60 degrees?
T5-T8
161
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?
Right and left superior costal demi-facet; right and left inferior costal demi-facets
162
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
Inferior costal demi-facets
163
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?
The transverse costal facet
164
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?
Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
165
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?
The right and left superior costal facet
166
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
Inferior costal demi-facets
167
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body of T10?
The pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
168
What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?
Para-articular processes
169
What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?
The transverse costal facet
170
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?
Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
171
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T11?
The right and left superior costal facet
172
What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?
The transverse costal facet
173
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T11?
Posterior and horizontal along the undersurface
174
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on superior view?
Kidney-shaped or rentiform
175
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12?
The right and left superior costal facet
176
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T12?
Inferior demi-costal facts
177
What tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
The lateral tubercle
178
What tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the Lumbars?
The inferior tubercle
179
What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?
The transverse costal facet
180
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of a T12?
They are significantly convex
181
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T12?
Posterior and horizontal
182
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
Rentiform or kidney-shaped
183
The pedicle attaches at what location on vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
To the upper third or half of the vertebral body
184
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process
Accessory process
185
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical lumbar vertebrae?
Pars interarticularis
186
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process.
Mammillary process
187
What characteristic of L1-L4 pedicle May be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference on segment from each group.
On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on L1-L4 segment. At the L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.
188
What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?
It is directed straight and lateral and Is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes
189
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?
5 segments
190
What forms the median sacral crest?
Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
191
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
Fused articular processes and their facets
192
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
The mammillary process of S1 and the sacral Cornu of S5.
193
What does the sacral Cornu represent?
The inferior articular process and facet of S5
194
What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
The sacral hiatus
195
An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?
The lateral sacral crest
196
What is the sacral tuberosity?
The enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
197
What feature is associated w it’s the transverse tubercle of S5?
The inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
198
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
Transverse ridges
199
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
Auricular surface
200
What feature is identified on anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1?
The sacral promontory
201
What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the S1 vertebral body looking from the base view?
Sacral ala
202
What forms the sacral ala?
The costal element and true transverse process
203
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
204
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
All segments are represented by a vertebral body, in addition Co1 has a coccygeal Cornu and transverse process
205
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
Coccygeal Cornu
206
What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?
Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
207
What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?
Clavicular notch
208
What names are given tot he articular sites fro the joint with the first and second rib?
Costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage;
| Costal notch II for the second rib costal cartilage
209
How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?
4 sternabrae
210
What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?
Transverse lines
211
What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
Costal notches II-VII
212
What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
The head, neck and tubercle
213
What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location?
Superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet
214
What feature of the head of a rib separated the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?
The interarticular crest
215
What features may be identified on the neck of a typical rib?
The crest of the rib
216
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?
The articular surface of the tubercle
217
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?
The non-articular surface of the tubercle
218
What features may be identified on the body of a typical rib?
The costal angle and costal groove
219
What is present on the head of the first rib?
A single articular surface
220
Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?
Not a well-developed one like a typical rib
221
What is unique about the body(corpus or shaft) of the first rib?
The body of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein
222
Which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?
The groove for the subclavian artery and first thoracic nerve
223
Which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the eternal end?
The groove for the subclavian vein
224
Is neither the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?
Neither the costal angle nor the costal groove are apparent on the first rib
225
What features may be identified on the head of rib 2?
Two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest
226
What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of rib 2 based on location?
Superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet
227
What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?
The crest of the rib
228
What features may be identified on the tubercle of rib 2?
The articular surface of the tubercle on the non-articular surface of the tubercle
229
What is the costal angle of a rib?
The location on the over (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum
230
What unique feature is present on the body of the second rib?
The tuberosity for the serratus anterior
231
What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from what typical ribs?
The single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface.
232
What features may be present on the body of the eleventh rib?
The costal angle and costal groove are under-developed
233
What is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?
It is somewhat pointed
234
What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?
The head has a singular articular surface,the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent
235
What is the condition of the body of rib 12?
The costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs
236
What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?
The sternal end is pointed
237
What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from the typical ribs?
The single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface
238
What features may be present on the body(corpus) of the eleventh rib?
The costal angle angle and costal groove are under-developed
239
Wha is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?
It is somewhat pointed
240
What helps distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from the other ribs?
The head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent
241
What is the condition of the body (corpus) of rub 12?
The costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all the ribs.
242
What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?
The sternal end is pointed
243
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
Arthrology
244
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
245
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
246
What were the three Latin classifications of joints based on movement potential?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
247
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
Synchondrosis
248
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
Symphysis
249
What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?
Arthrodia
250
What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?
Ginglymous
251
What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?
Trochoid
252
What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
Condylar or bicondylar
253
What is the classification of a oval-like synovial joint?
Sellar
254
What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?
Cotyloid, spheroidal or enarthrosis
255
What term is now used to identify the synarthrosis joint type?
Fibrous joints
256
What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?
Synostosis
257
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?
A ligament
258
What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?
Cartilage joint
259
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
260
Which classification of cartilage joint is secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) and occurs between bones formed by enodchondral ossification?
(Amphiarthrosis) symphysis
261
What are the four consistent feature of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
262
What examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidal) joints occur along the vertebral column?
Most zygapophyses of the vertebral column
263
What is an example of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints along the vertebral column?
Median atlanto-axial joint
264
What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
An osseous pivot point and an osteopath-ligamentous ring
265
What example of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint is identified along the spine?
The joint of Luschka of typical cervicals is a modified sellar joint
266
What example of the diarthrosis condylar joint is identified along the spine?
The atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis condylar joint
267
Which joint classification exhibits a knuckle-shaped surface on one side of the joint and an elliptical, concave surface of the other side?
Diarthrosis ellipsoidal
268
What example of the diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along the spine?
The atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint
269
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
270
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
The two-toed sloth, manatee, ant bear and three- toed sloth
271
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
Ant bear, three-toed sloth
272
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
Two-toed sloth and manatee
273
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
Seven segments
274
Which vertebrae are the “typical cervicals”?
C3-C6
275
Which vertebrae are the atypical cerivals?
C1, C2, C7
276
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
Rectangular
277
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
278
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
279
What would be the direction of the cervical curvature based on osseous features?
Posterior or kyphotic
280
What accounts for the Direction of the typical cervical curve?
The intervertebral disc height
281
What is the direction of a typical cervical curve?
Anterior or lordotic
282
Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in the intervertebral disc height?
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
283
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve gain increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
284
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
285
At which developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
286
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
287
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
288
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
289
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
290
How many joints are present in the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
Five
291
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
Five
292
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Ten
293
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Right and left uncinate process, right and left lateral groove
294
What is the. Name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
295
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surface?
The uncinate process and lateral groove
296
How many totally synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of typical cervical?
Four
297
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine.
298
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint are preset on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Two
299
What muscle attached to the typical cervical vertebral body?
The longus colli muscle
300
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral, 45 degrees
301
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
Neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
302
What spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?
C5 spinal nerve
303
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?
C6 spinal nerve
304
What is the direction of the projection of the cervical lamina?
Posteromedially
305
What ligament attached to the lamina of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
306
What joint will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
307
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
308
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
Accessory bone
309
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
Hetertopic bone
310
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
Heart-shaped or triangular
311
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical?
Transverse
312
The greatest transverse diameter of a typical cervical vertebra occurs at?
C6
313
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
314
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
315
What muscles may attach t the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
316
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
317
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
Cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
318
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degree inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
319
What is the name of the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
The carotid tubercle
320
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
The common carotid artery
321
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
The vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and post ganglion is sympathetic motor nerve fibers
322
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of a typical cervical vertebra?
The articular pillar
