Arthrology

Question 1

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

Answer 1

Syndesmology

Question 2

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

Question 3

Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?

Answer 3

Syndesmosis

Question 4

What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?

Answer 4

Synchondrosis

Question 5

What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?

Answer 5

Symphysis

Question 6

What are the two subclassifications of amphiarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?

Answer 6

Synchondrosis, Symphisis

Question 7

What are the Latin subclassifications of diarthrosis joints?

Answer 7

Arthrodia, ginglumus, trochoid, condylar/bicondylar, ellipsoidal, sellar and cotyloid (spheroidal or enarthrosis)

Question 8

What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?

Answer 8

Arthrodia

Question 9

What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?

Answer 9

Ginglymus

Question 10

What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?

Answer 10

Trochoid

Question 11

What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?

Answer 11

Condylar or Bicondylar

Question 12

What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?

Answer 12

Ellipsoidal

Question 13

What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?

Answer 13

Cotyloid, spheroidal or enarthrosis

Question 14

The ligamentous sacro-iliac joints are examples of which joint classification?

Answer 14

Syndesmosis

Question 15

What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

Answer 15

Costochondral joints of the first sternochondral joint

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

Answer 16

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between developing by endochondral ossification

Question 17

Which examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?

Answer 17

Symphysis menti

Question 18

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

Answer 18

Articular/Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?

Answer 19

Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Type 2 articular receptors?

Answer 20

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal ROM.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?

Answer 21

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligamens, resemble Golgi Tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint movement.

Question 22

What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?

Answer 22

nociceptive, they monitor pain

Question 23

Type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 23

Accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine.

Question 24

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

Answer 24

1) Synovial Villi
2) Articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 25

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

Answer 25

Lumbar zygapophyses

Question 26

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?

Answer 26

Temporomanidbular, sternoclavicular, arcromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints.

Question 27

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?

Answer 27

Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and Lumbar zygapophyses.

Question 28

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

Answer 28

Are phagocytic

Question 29

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

Answer 29

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 30

Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?

Answer 30

Type 2

Question 31

What is the primary function of bound GAGs in articular cartilage?

Answer 31

Form a network for water retention.

Question 32

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

Answer 32

Cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property.

Question 33

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

Answer 33

Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property.

Question 34

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

Answer 34

Weeping theory

Question 35

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss form the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

Answer 35

Boosted Theory

Question 36

Which theory of joint lubrication implies and ADSORBTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

Answer 36

Boundary Theory

Question 37

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

Answer 37

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty.

Question 38

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 38

Hyaluronate

Question 39

What substance in synovial fluid has been PROPOSED to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 39

Lubricin

Question 40

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

Answer 40

Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus.

Question 41

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

Answer 41

Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

Question 42

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

Answer 42

- Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) | - Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

Question 43

What morphological classification of synovial joint would be classified as biaxial?

Answer 43

- (diarthrosis) bicondylar - (diarthrosis) condylar - (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal - saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

Question 44

What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

Answer 44

-Ball and Socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis) -(diarthrosis spheroidal) -(diarthrosis cotyloid) These are all classifications given to the same type of joint.

Question 45

What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

Answer 45

Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint.

Question 46

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

Answer 46

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee.

Question 47

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

Answer 47

Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column.

Question 48

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?

Answer 48

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot.

Question 49

What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?

Answer 49

Femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder.