Arthrology

Question 1

What are the three classifications of joint movement?

Answer 1

Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
Diarthrosis - freely movable

Question 2

What three structures create articulation between two bones?

Answer 2

Fibrous, Cartilaginonus, & Synovial

Question 3

Name the three types of Fibrous structures

Answer 3

1. Syndesmosis
2. Suture
3. Gomphosis

Question 4

Which fibrous structure is classified as an amphiarthrosis? Name an example of this structure.

Answer 4

Syndesmosis - interosseous ligament

Question 5

Which structure is between some bones of the skull?

Answer 5

Suture - short fibrous band forming a ‘sutural ligament’

Synarthrosis

Question 6

Gomphosis is an articulation between…

Answer 6

tooth root & alveolus (bony socket)
short fibrous band, forms periodontal ligament

Synarthrosis

Question 7

What is the composition of a Cartilaginous structure?

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage & fibrocartilage

Question 8

Which cartilaginous structure has amphiarthrosis movements?

Answer 8

Symphysis

Articular surface covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage, attached to fibrocartilage pad

Question 9

Which structure forms a plate of hyaline cartilage? What type of movement does this allow?

Answer 9

Synchondrosis - synarthrosis movement

e.g. 1st rib & sternum

Epiphyseal plate is a temporary synchondrosis

Question 10

Name two examples of a symphysis joint

Answer 10

Pubic Symphysis (aids in childbirth)

Intervertebral Discs (adds height/weight to vertebral column)

Question 11

Synovial joints exhibit what kind of movement?

Answer 11

Free movement - Diarthrosis

Question 12

What are the two layers of the synovial joint capsule?

Answer 12

Fibrous layer/membrane

Synovial membrane

Question 13

Which membrane is the thick, outer membrane comprised of dense CT and type I collagen? What is it contiguous with?

Answer 13

Fibrous membrane

Contiguous with the periosteum

Question 14

What are the two layers of the synovial membrane?

Answer 14

Fibrous layer

Cellular layer

Question 15

Which synovial membrane layer lies superficial to the fibrous membrane? What is contained within this layer?

Answer 15

Fibrous layer - contains fibroblasts which produce collagen

Question 16

Which layer of the joint capsule can also be referred to as the “Capsular Ligament”?

Answer 16

Fibrous layer/membrane

Question 17

Which synovial layer lies next to the synovial cavity? What is the general name for cells in this layer?

Answer 17

Cellular layer

Contains synoviocytes

Question 18

What are the two types of synoviocytes in the cellular layer of the synovial membrane?

Answer 18

Macrophage-like cells - immediately next to synovial cavity; phagocytic

Fibroblast-like cells - next to fibrous layer of synovial membrane. Produce hyaluronic acid.

NOTE - these are not actual macrophage and fibroblast cells.

Question 19

What makes up synovial fluid?

Answer 19

Hyaluronic acid & blood plasma

Question 20

What are the main functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 20

Lubrication, cushioning, protection, nutrition

Articular cartilage has no direct blood supply

Question 21

What’s another name for a closed, synovial fluid-filled sac?

Answer 21

Bursa - “pillow” between bony surface and overlying soft tissue (skin/ligament/tendon)

Question 22

Describe an articular disc/meniscus.

Answer 22

Fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces which stabilizes & cushions

e.g. Temporomandibular joint

Question 23

What is another name for a triaxial joint?

Answer 23

Multiaxial or “universal”

Question 24

Which synovial joint exhibits multiaxial movement? Give both names

Answer 24

Ball-and-socket or Spheroidal

Question 25

Describe the articulation of a spheroidal joint

Answer 25

Globular surface of one bone articulates with cup-shaped surface of another bone

Question 26

What are the two biaxial synovial joints?

Answer 26

Condyloid/Ellipsoidal Saddle/sellar

Question 27

Give an example of an ellipsoidal joint and describe its articulation

Answer 27

Convex oval-shaped surface ---> concave elliptical surface e.g. MP joint

Question 28

Which biaxial joint allows opposition?

Answer 28

Saddle/sellar

Question 29

What is the articulation of the saddle joint?

Answer 29

Each articulating surface has both concave and convex regions - surface of one bone fits complementary surface of another

Question 30

Which joint exhibits nearly flat articulations? What movement is present?

Answer 30

Gliding/arthrodial (also called planar/sliding) Nonaxial!

Question 31

Give an example of a gliding joint

Answer 31

Z-joint (zygapophyseal joint)

Question 32

A ginglymoidal joint can also be referred to as a...

Answer 32

hinge joint

Question 33

A hinge joint exhibits what type of movement? What is the articulation?

Answer 33

Uniaxial! "open/close joint" Convex cylindrical surface ---> concave cylindrical surface

Question 34

Give two examples of a hinge joint

Answer 34

Knee | IP joint

Question 35

An example of this uniaxial joint is the proximal radioulnar joint...

Answer 35

Pivot/Trochoidal Also seen between atlas/axis (glenooccipital joint)

Question 36

What is the articulation of a trochoidal joint?

Answer 36

Cylindrical pin rotates w/in ring formed of bone and ligament

Question 37

Angular joint movements happen in these two planes of the body:

Answer 37

Sagittal | Coronal

Question 38

Flexion and extension are examples of movement within which plane?

Answer 38

Sagittal

Question 39

What two movements are considered part of the coronal plane?

Answer 39

Abduction/Adduction

Question 40

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur at which joint?

Answer 40

Talo-crural (ankle) joint

Question 41

What is an example of circumduction?

Answer 41

Twiddling thumbs movement in which distal end of segment moves in a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

Question 42

Movement of a body part around its own long axis is which type of circular joint movement?

Answer 42

Rotation (pronation/supination)

Question 43

If you put the soles of your feet together, you're performing what type of movement?

Answer 43

Inversion (sole is medial) If the sole was lateral, it would be eversion

Question 44

What is the difference between a subluxation and a luxation?

Answer 44

Subluxation - partial dislocation Luxation - tearing of synovial membrane resulting in a total dislocation Symptoms: pain, swelling, loss of ROM, joint remodeling

Question 45

In elderly, what may occur instead of a dislocation?

Answer 45

Bone fracture

Question 46

In children, what may occur instead of a dislocation?

Answer 46

Rupture of an epiphyseal plate. This may cause premature ossification of the bone.

Question 47

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

Answer 47

Sprain - over-stretching/tearing of ligaments Strain - damage to muscle tissue

Question 48

Which type of arthritis is more common in elderly patients? What areas would this typically affect?

Answer 48

Osteoarthritis (OA) - degenerative disease Occurs in large, weight bearing joints aka Knees, Hips (unilaterally) Can also occur in joints previously involved in acute trauma

Question 49

Which type of arthritis results in the production of abnormal secretions? Describe these two abnormal secretions.

Answer 49

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Fibrous secretions - joint fusion Granular secretions - destructs articular cargilage

Question 50

What is the most common demographic for an RA patient?

Answer 50

Middle aged female

Question 51

Which type of arthritis is genetic and autoimmune?

Answer 51

RA

Question 52

Does RA occur bilaterally? What's usually affected?

Answer 52

Usually bilateral | Affects hands/feet

Question 53

Which type of arthritis is associated with development of accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces?

Answer 53

Osteoarthritis