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Clinical Parasitology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

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1
Q

What class, order, and family are mosquitoes, Cuterebra, and bottle flies?

A
  • Class Insecta
  • Order Diptera
  • Family Culicidae
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2
Q

Which are the most prominent blood sucking dipterans?

A

Mosquitoes

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3
Q

What is the lifecycle of mosquitoes?

A
  • Eggs
  • larvae - 1st molt in 5-6d (3x total)
    • Filter feeders
  • Pupae: stage lasts 2-3d
    • Non-feeding
  • Adults: lifespan 6-7d, mate once
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4
Q

What are the 3 subfamilies of mosquitoes?

A

.

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5
Q

How do you differentiate Anopheline vs. Culicine mosquitoes?

A
  • Anopheline
    • intermediate host/vector - Plasmodium spp.
  • Culicine
    • vector: Yellow/Dengue fever, West Nile Encephalitis
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6
Q

How do you control mosquitoes?

A
  • Larvivorous fish (guppies, mosquito fish)
  • ’Beneficial’ mosquito larvae - Toxorhynchinitine subfamily = predaceous
  • stick mustard seeds - stick to larvae when try to eat
  • draining breeding sites
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7
Q

What is facultative myiasis?

A

Blow flies or Bottle flies (calliphora, Phormia, Lucille)

  • Normally, eggs deposited in garbage, feces, rotten carrion
  • Occasionally, eggs deposited in contaminated wounds
  • Early lesions = dermatitis, numerous maggots, pungent odor, inflammation
  • Hosts: any mammal, vomit-drop feeders
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8
Q

Describe obligatory myiasis

A

Cochliomyia hominivorax, Cuterebra

  • Larvae MUST use animal host to complete life cycle
    • living tissue
    • organs
    • uncontaminated wounds
    • soft tissue
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9
Q

Describe Cochliomyia hominivorax (primary screwworm)

A
  • eradicated by sterile male release (50’s)
  • Reportable (APHIS)
  • affects any mammal - fresh, recent wounds, living tissue
    • breed only once during life time
  • cause toxemia, bacterial infections, death
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10
Q

How do you diagnose and treat C. Hominivorax?

A
  • Dx: Larval ID (dark tracheal trunks that go all the way down), dermatitis, pungent odor
  • Tx: remove larvae, treat secondary bacterial/fungal infections
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11
Q

Describe Cuterebra

A
  • “Wolves, warbles”
  • hosts: cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents
  • Adults: non parasitic
  • Larvae: darken with maturity
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12
Q

What is the life cycle of Cuterebra?

A
  • Eggs deposited near entrance to burrow/nest - warmer months
  • enter host
  • migrate through host
  • subcutaneous cysts produced - maturation 1 month
    • pupate in soil
    • adults emerge in spring
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13
Q

What is this parasite?

A

Cuterebra

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14
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Cuterebra spp.

A
  • cysts and swellings - secondary infections
    • cutaneous
    • eye, trachea, pharynx, upper resp tract, ear
  • heals slowly
  • larval migrations
    • Cerebrospinal cuterebriasis - blindness, anorexia, lethargy, disorientation, circling, seizures
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15
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Cuterebra spp.?

A
  • Dx: larval ID
  • Tx:
    • surgically remove larvae
    • Fipronil, imidacloprid? (On haircoat)
    • ivermectin, milbemycin, selamectin
      • may kill larvae - migration
    • +/- steroids?
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16
Q

What orders are lice?

A
  • Anoplura and Mallophaga
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17
Q

What is the term for a lice infestation?

A

pediculiasis

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18
Q

Describe lice

A
  • Small, wingless
  • dorsoventrally flattened
  • claw/crab-like legs
  • permanent ectoparasites
  • Stenoxenous - very host specific
  • simple metamorphosis
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19
Q

What is the lifecycle of lice?

A

.

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20
Q

Which lice is which?

A
  • Left - Mallophaga (chewing louse)
    • wider head than thorax
  • Right - Anoplura (biting louse)
    • head smaller than thorax
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21
Q

Mallophaga lice feed on what species?

A

Birds and mammals

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22
Q

What are these two parasites?

A
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23
Q

Anoplura lice target which species?

A

ONLY mammals

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24
Q

Which two parasites are these?

A
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25
What are the primary types of Anoplura lice?
* Linognathus setosus (dogs) * Pediculus humanus humanus (body) * Pediuculus humanus capitis (head) * Pthirus pubis (pubic)
26
What are the main Mallophaga lice that we focused on?
Trichodectes canis and Felicola subrostratus
27
What are the treatments for lice?
* Selamectin * Fipronil * Imidacloprid * Topical permethrin (dogs) * Carbaryl shampoos, sprays, dips
28
Which parasite is a part of the order Siphonaptera?
Fleas
29
What is the term for a flea infestation?
Siphonapteriasis
30
What diseases are carried by fleas?
* Plague * tularemia * Dipylidium caninum * Hymenolepsis nana * A. Reconditium
31
Describe fleas
* Laterally compressed * wingless * ctenidia * complex metamorphosis * C/S: irritation, restlessness, anemia, FAD
32
What are the various types of fleas?
33
What are these?
34
What is this flea?
35
WHAT ARE THOSE?
* Left: Ctenocephalides felis (prominent whiskers) * Right: Echinophaga gallinacea (flat face)
36
True or false: the majority of the life stages of fleas live off the host
True
37
Describe the life cycle of fleas
* Eggs are laid on host, fall off - hatch in 2-16d * Larval stage (7-10d), 2 molts, 3 instars * **Covered in setae**, feed on flea dirt (frass), _susceptible to heat/desiccation_ * Pupal stage (4d), larvae become coated in particles from environment * Adults - **mate once, begin feeding \< 1 hr after colonizing host**
38
Describe Flea Allergy Dermatitis
* **Biting fleas introduce salivary proteins (antigens)** * Onset of FAD - **3-5 yrs old** * Lesions on LS region, caudal thighs, prox tail, ventral abdomen * papules, crusts, alopecia, excoriation, erythema, hyperpigmentation
39
How do you control fleas?
* **Host-targeted insecticides** * ​IGRs, Adulticides * **Environmental insecticides** * **Mechanical methods**
40
What order are ticks in?
Acarina
41
What is the term for a tick infestation?
Acariasis or Otoacariasis
42
Describe ticks
* **All stages feed on blood** * 2 families: * Ixodidae * Argasidae * Simple metamorphosis: 1-, 2- or 3-host tick life cycles
43
Describe tick paralysis
* **Ascending, flaccid paralysis** * **​**d/t **neurotoxin** in tick saliva * **Reversed** with tick removal * caused by the feeding female (over 40 species) * 1st sign 5d after attachment
44
Describe the basic body division of ticks
* Capitulum * Idiosoma * scutum * male v. Female * festoons * 8 legs: adults, nymphs * 6 legs: larvae
45
What are the reportable diseases carried by ticks?
* Lyme * Monocytic Ehrlichiosis * Granulocytic Anaplasmosis * RMSF * Tularemia
46
What species of tick is this?
Amblyomma americanum larva- Lone star tick
47
Describe the life cycle of ticks
48
How do you differentiate male and female ticks?
* females - the scutum only partially covers the body
49
What are the methods of disease transmission for ticks? What is the difference between these two?
* **Transstadial transmission:** disease/pathogen acquired during one life stage **stays** **with the tick** and **can be passed to another** * **Transovarial transmission:** disease/pathogen **passed from female to developing offspring**
50
Which ticks are a part of the family Ixodidae?
* Rhipicephalus sanguineus * Ambylomma americanum * Dermacentor variabilis * Ixodes scapularis
51
Describe Rhipicephalus sanguineus
* Brown dog tick * **Three host tick** - mainly dogs (all 3 stages) * common ears/between toes * Throughout US * Can cause tick paralysis * Dz vector for * Hepatozoon canis * Babesia canis * Erhlichia canis * Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF)
52
Describe the life cycle of R. Sanguineus
53
Describe Ixodes scapularis
* Black legged tick, Deer tick * **Three host tick - birds, small mammals, cattle, sheep, horses** * Southeastern to S. Central US, along East Coast * Can cause tick paralysis * Dz vector for: * Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme) * Babesia microti * Anaplasma marginale
54
Describe the life cycle of Ixodes scapularis
55
How does the seasonal activity of I. Scapularis larvae, nymphs and adults differ?
* Larvae: July-Sept * Nymph: May-Sept * Adult: Oct-May
56
Describe Ambylomma americanum
* Lone star tick * **Three host tick** * **rodents, rabbits** * deer, cattle, horses, sheep * **Humans** * Can cause tick paralysis * Distribution: southern US - **early spring to late summer** * Dz vector for: * Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF) * Francisella tularensis (tularemia) * Ehrlichia chaffeensis
57
Describe Dermacentor variabilis
* American dog tick, wood tick * **Three host tick** * **​Rodents, small mammals** * Dog (preferred), cow * Distributed around most of the US * Can causes tick paralysis * Dz vector: * Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF) * Anaplasma marginale
58
Which are these?
59
How do the markings on Ixodes ticks differ from the other ticks?
60
How do you control ticks?
* manual removal * insectidices/acaracides * dogs: afoxolaner, amitraz, Fipronil, fluralaner, pyrethroids (permethrin) * cats: etofenprox, Fipronil, flumethrin * Selamectin (dogs) - D. Variabilis
61
What order are mites a part of?
Acarina
62
Describe the general characteristics of mites
* Microscopic or barely visible * pedicels (legs/stalks) - ID * surface dweller or tunnel through skin layers * larva - 6 legs; adult - 8 legs * 2 body divisions
63
Describe Otodectes cynotis
* Ear mite * Hosts: dogs, cats, foxes, raccoons, ferrets * In external ear canal: surface dwelling * **Short, nonjointed pedicels** * ​Females: suckers on leg pairs 1,2 * Males: suckers _on all leg pairs_ * Permanent parasite
64
What are the clinical signs of an Otodectes infestation?
* Thick, tarry exudate * **Host shakes head, scratches ear** * Infections of middle/inner ear can develop if untreated * secondary bacterial/fungal infections: Staph/Malassezia Dx: Swab of ear canal, otoscope
65
How do you treat Otodectes cynotis?
* Labeled (cats): ivermectin, milbemycin, moxidectin/imidacloprid, selamectin * Labeled (dogs) selamectin * Not labeled: doramectin, Fipronil, laners (sarolaner for dogs only)
66
Describe the characteristics of Demodex canis
* Follicle mite of dogs * Host: Dogs * D. Canis, D. Injai sp. cornei * Cats: D. Cati, D. Gatoi, D. Sp. * **in hair follicles and adjacent sebaceous glands** * alligator/cigar shaped: adults 8 legs, larva 6 legs * Permanent parasite * Found in **skin of most normal dogs** * ​D. Canis, initially on face of puppies
67
Which species is which?
68
Describe localized and generalized demodectic acariasis
Localized * **young** **dogs** (usually \<6mo) * skin redness * parital hair loss * usually **no itching** * commonly on face, around eyes, limbs Generalized * overgrowth? Underlying immune defect? Poor nutrition? * more severe * **Large patches of alopecia** * **secondary bacterial infections/pyoderma**
69
Describe demodectic acariasis in cats
Localized * Alopecia * crusts * scaling around face, neck, eyelids * hyperpigmentation Generalized * Generally D. Cati overgrowth assoc. w/ underlying systemic dz * D. Gatoi - cats pruritic, excessively lick/groom * **Not normally assoc. w/ underlying dz** * groin, ventral chest, limbs
70
How do you diagnose and treat Demodex canis?
* Dx: **deep skin scrape**, pustule and abscess contents, +/- fecal? * Tx: * localized: usually resolves spontaneously * generalized: amitraz dip * not approved tx: ivermectin, milbemycin, moxidectin (topical), laners (fluralaner for cats)
71
Describe Cheyletiella
* “Walking dandruff” * hosts: dogs and cats * may set up temporary residence on humans * found in fur coat, keratin layer of dermis * **Surface dwelling, non-burrowing** * ID: bell-pepper shaped, mouthparts resemble hooks/horns
72
What are the clinical signs of “Walking Dandruff”?
* Asymptomatic to severe - dandruff, itchiness, reddened skin, hair loss
73
How do you diagnose and treat Cheyletiella?
* Dx: skin scrapings **not necessary**, scotch tape? Fecal? * Tx: easily killed, most flea shampoos will suffice * ivermectin, fipronil, selamectin
74
Describe Pneumonyssoides caninum
* Nasal mite * hosts: dogs, other canids * Direct contact * **Also travel via fleas, lice, flies** * **survival off host** * Habitat: nasal passages and sinuses - **non-burrowing**, feed on keratin layer of epidermis * ID: **oval, creamy white, legs anterior half of abdomen**
75
What are these little guys?
Pneumonyssoides caninum in nasal passages
76
What are the clinical signs of a Pneumonyssoides caninum infestastion?
* Reddening of mucosa, sneezing, head shaking, rubbing nose * **has been associated with bronchitis**
77
How do you diagnose and treat Pneumonyssoides infestations?
* Dx: Microscopic ID - rhinoscopic exam, mucus/watery secretions from nose * Tx: Milbemycin, ivermectin + selamectin, moxidectin/imidacloprid
78
Describe Notoedres cati
* Notoedric acariasis mite * Hosts: cats, rabbits - **zoonotic** * ​Mainly ears, back of neck * **Females burrow/tunnel in epidermis** * ID: **round body, long nonjointed pedicels** * **​**females: suckers leg pairs 1&2 * males: suckers leg pairs 1,2,4
79
Describe the clinical signs caused by a Notoedres infestation
* Persistent pruritus * alopecia * self mutilation * hyperkeratosis * epidermal flakes * yellow crusts (face, neck)
80
How do you diagnose and treat Notoedres infestations?
* Dx: **deep skin scrapings,** fecal exam * Tx: Selamectin, fipronil, ivermectin
81
Describe Sarcoptes scabiei
* Sarcoptes acariasis mite, Itch mite * hosts: dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine (rarely cats) * **Direct contact - highly transmissible** * Habitat - dogs: muzzles, eyes, ears, feet * **Females burrow/tunnel into epidermis** * males/larvae/nymphs: skin surface, near tunnel openings
82
Describe the clinical signs caused by Sarcoptes scabiei
* Irritation, itching, exudate, forms crusts * **Thickening of skin, alopecia** * severe cases result in death (large lesions)
83
How do you diagnose and treat Sarcoptes scabiei?
* Dx: **deep** skin scrapings, ID - **long, non jointed pedicels**, gray white, barely visible * females - suckers leg pairs 1&2, males - suckers leg pairs 1,2,4 * Tx: **treat all in-contact animals** * **​**selamectin * imidacloprid/moxidectin * amitraz, benzyl benzoate, lime sulfur, phosmet, rotenone

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

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