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208 > Arthropods, Crustaceans, Copepods, Barnacles + Others > Flashcards

Arthropods, Crustaceans, Copepods, Barnacles + Others Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the composition of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

Sclerotized chitin with mineralisation in some species

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2
Q

How is segmentation arranged in arthropods?

A

Metameric segmentation with tagmosis (specialised body regions).

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3
Q

What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

Open circulatory system.

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4
Q

How do arthropods grow despite having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

Through ecdysis (moulting), regulated by hormones like ecdysone.

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5
Q

What happens to cilia in arthropods?

A

Motile cilia are lost in adults and larvae (except sperm).

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6
Q

What are two unifying traits of Ecdysozoa?

A

Presence of a cuticle and growth by ecdysis.

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7
Q

What hormone initiates moulting in crustaceans?

A

Ecdysis Triggering Hormone (ETH), via suppression of MIH.

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8
Q

What is sclerotization?

A

The hardening of the cuticle through cross-linking of proteins and chitin.

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9
Q

What is the main mineral used in exoskeleton mineralisation in aquatic arthropods?

A

Calcium carbonate.

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10
Q

What is the main body cavity in arthropods?

A

The haemocoel.

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11
Q

How is the nervous system structured in arthropods?

A

Cerebral ganglion (brain), double ventral nerve cord, and segmental ganglia.

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12
Q

How do land and aquatic arthropods respire?

A

Land: tracheae/book lungs; Aquatic: gills.

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13
Q

What is a defining feature of the crustacean head?

A

A pre-antennal segment (labrum) and five limb-bearing segments with two pairs of antennae.

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14
Q

What larval stage is unique to crustaceans?

A

Nauplius larva – with 3 pairs of appendages and a median eye.

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15
Q

What type of appendages do crustaceans primitively have?

A

Biramous appendages (exopod and endopod).

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16
Q

What are uniramous appendages, and which groups have them?

A

Single-branched appendages; found in Hexapods, Myriapods, and Chelicerates.

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17
Q

What are phyllopodia?

A

Flattened, leaf-like appendages found in some crustaceans.

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18
Q

Name the five subphyla of Arthropoda.

A

Trilobita, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda.

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19
Q

Why do trilobites have a rich fossil record?

A

Hard exoskeleton, abundance, and wide distribution.

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20
Q

What are the typical tagmata in arthropods?

A

Head, thorax, and abdomen.

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21
Q

What is tagmosis?

A

Grouping of body segments into functionally specialised regions.

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22
Q

Are arthropods mostly hermaphroditic or dioecious?

A

Mostly dioecious.

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23
Q

What type of development is common in arthropods?

A

Metamorphosis (often indirect development).

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24
Q

What are the two key defining features of Subphylum Crustacea?

A

Head consists of a pre-antennal segment (labrum) and five limb-bearing segments (with 2 pairs of antennae).

Development includes a nauplius larva with 3 pairs of appendages and a single medial eye.

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25
What type of appendages do crustaceans primitively have?
Biramous (exopod + endopod) appendages.
26
What is the nauplius larva, and why is it important?
A unique larval form to crustaceans; triangular body, three pairs of appendages, one medial eye—used in swimming and development.
27
What are the three tagmata in crustaceans?
Head, thorax (pereon), and abdomen (pleon).
28
What are pereiopods and pleopods?
Pereiopods = thoracic appendages, often for locomotion. Pleopods = abdominal appendages, used in swimming, reproduction, or respiration.
29
What distinguishes crustaceans from hexapods in terms of diversity?
Crustaceans have greater morphological diversity.
30
How many body segments are typical in Malacostraca?
5 head segments 8 thoracic segments 6–7 abdominal segments (last as telson)
31
What is the function of the telson and uropods?
Together they form a tail fan used in rapid backward swimming (escape response).
32
What distinguishes stomatopods (mantis shrimp)?
Raptorial claws (2nd thoracic appendage), carnivorous, marine/brackish, ~350 spp.
33
What is the ecological role of krill (euphausiacea)?
Key trophic link: phytoplankton → krill → higher predators.
34
Why are they called Decapoda (crabs, shrimp, crayfish, lobsters)?
10 legs: 3 pairs of thoracic appendages as mouthparts, 5 pairs as walking legs.
35
How are Dendrobranchiata (prawns) distinguished?
Dendrobranchiate gills Chelae on first 3 pereopods Release yolky nauplius larvae
36
What is the key reproductive trait of Pleocyemata (true shrimp, lobsters, crabs)?
Fertilised eggs are brooded among pleopods until zoea hatch.
37
What distinguishes Caridea (true shrimp)?
Chelae on first 2 pereopods Distinct caridean bend in abdomen
38
What defines Astacidea (clawed lobsters, crayfish)?
3 chelate pereopods First greatly enlarged
39
What is a defining feature of Achelata (spiny/slipper lobsters)?
Lack claws (chelae)
40
How is Anomura (e.g. hermit crabs) anatomically unique?
Soft, twisted/reduced abdomen 5th pereopod tucked under carapace
41
What are Brachyura (true crabs) known for?
Shortened abdomen folded under thorax Enlarged chelae on first pereopods Uropods typically absent
42
What is a unique feature of Peracarida?
Brood pouch (marsupium) in females.
43
What do Syncarida lack that most other crustaceans have?
A carapace and free-swimming larval stage.
44
What is carcinisation?
The convergent evolution of crab-like body shapes in non-crab crustaceans.
45
How do Christmas Island crabs connect land and sea?
Migrate to the sea for spawning, transferring nutrients across ecosystems.
46
What structure gives Ostracods a bivalve-like appearance?
Chitinous "shell" (carapace), sometimes mineralized with calcium carbonate.
47
How do Ostracods move?
Use head appendages to swim.
48
How many species of Cephalocarida are known?
12
49
What distinguishes Cephalocarida from other crustaceans?
No planktonic stage, thorax with 9 appendage-bearing segments, no post-mandibular specialization.
50
What are common examples of Branchiopods?
Brine shrimp, fairy shrimp, water fleas (Cladocera).
51
What do they use for locomotion?
Antennae and metachronal beating of trunk appendages.
52
Where are Remipedia found?
Deep marine caves and ocean basins.
53
What is unique about Remipedia?
Eyeless, venomous maxillules, elongated body with many similar segments, hermaphroditic.
54
How many species of Copepoda exist?
~13,000 (700 in NZ).
55
What environments do copepoda inhabit?
Marine, brackish, freshwater, even terrestrial (moist habitats).
56
Why are copepods considered “cows of the sea”?
They're abundant, mostly herbivorous, and form the base of many marine food webs.
57
What is copepods respiratory adaptation?
No gills; gas exchange via thin body integument.
58
What is the typical eye structure in copepods?
A tripartite naupliar eye used for orientation and spatial awareness.
59
How do Calanoid copepods move?
Long 1st antennae for cruise swimming; thoracic limbs for escape.
60
Where are Harpacticoid copepods found, and how do they move?
Benthic environments; crawl/burrow using thoracic limbs and body undulations.
61
What locomotor adaptations do Harpacticoids have to avoid sinking?
Long setae and second antennae used like parachutes.
62
What is vertical diel migration in copepods?
Daily vertical movement: sinking during the day to avoid predation, surfacing at night to feed.
63
How do copepods feed?
Most are filter feeders using modified maxillae and setae-covered appendages to generate feeding currents.
64
What are key adaptations in parasitic copepods?
Vermiform bodies, reduced segmentation/appendages, and holdfasts; ectoparasites pierce/suck, endoparasites absorb nutrients.
65
How does copepod reproduction occur?
Separate sexes, copulation via spermatophores, hooked antennae for grasping, several naupliar and copepodid stages.
66
What is unique about barnacle body orientation and feeding?
They attach head-first; thoracic appendages (cirri) sweep food into their mouth.
67
What are cirri used for?
Suspension feeding—actively in slow water, passively in fast water.
68
What is a barnacle’s outer structure made of?
Six rigid plates (rostrum, carina, etc.) and four moveable plates (scuta, terga).
69
How do barnacles reproduce?
Hermaphroditic, cross-fertilisation using an extremely long penis; develop from nauplius to cyprid larvae.
70
What is a cyprid larva?
A non-feeding, energy-storing stage used for settlement and attachment.
71
What is the parasitic process in Rhizocephalan barnacles?
Attach with antennae → inject kentrogon → grow interna through host organs → develop externa (brood sac) → manipulate host behavior and reproduction.
72
How do parasitic barnacles alter their host?
Suppress moulting, feminise male crabs, control host behavior to support parasite's needs.

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