Articles Flashcards
(16 cards)
European bumblebee population projections
Many studied species projected to undergo losses of at least 30% of ecologically suitable territory in 35-55 years.
Uncertain whether identified refuge in Scandinavia will stay clear of co-occurring anthropogenic stressors not currently recognised
Simberloff 1988
Single-species management - can have management of one species conflicting with management of another
Ecosystem management - focus on ecological processes rather than species as they’re believed to maintain the species and communities that are valued
Keustone species managment - understanding mechanisms that underlie function and structure of ecosystem - focus on keystone species and their role in conservation of other species
Kopnina et al 2018
New conservation is neoliberal approach that assumes
- Nature is a warehouse for human use
- Humans can construct new ecosystems from non-native species
- Humans don’t have to live within limits
- Nature is resilient
- Nature is a social construct
- Conservationists preach too much doom and gloom
- People can manage nature intensively while preserving biodviersity
Campos-Silva et al 2021
Protected areas catalyse improvements in cultural maintenance, emotional and mental health, increased access to natural resources, greater food security, sovereignity for disenfranchised communities
Effects at community, household and individual levels
Crist et al., 2017
Can sustain intensification of food production through
- increase yields on agricultural lands already in production
- increase efficiency in freshwater use
- apply fertilisers and pesticides more cautiously
- possibly genetically modifying crops to produce higher yields or tailor for specific challenges
- reduction of meat consumption in developed world
Edgar et al 2014
Marine protected areas often fail because of illegal harvesting, regulations that allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve
Best ones are no take areas, well enforced, old (>10 years), large (>100km2) and isolated by deep water or sand
Hart, Haigh and Ciuti, 2023
Could restore biodiversity, deliver ecosystem services, support nature-based economies
Self-regulation rather than by strict adherence to taxonomic precedent.
Generaliseability is limited
Chernobyl has undergone passive rewilding
Oostvaardersplassen - wetlands project was successful but terminated due to controversy surrounding mass herbivore starvation due to minimal intervention
Human-wildlife conflict, animal welfare concerns, loss of productive ability, and perceived cultural decoupling were associated with negative societal narratives surrounding rewilding
Hutton and Leader-Williams, 2003
Under current projections, more wild species will be replaced by cultivated or domesticated species, and more natural ecosystems will be replaced by agricultural land.
Incentives may be social or financial. Positive benefits or negative penalties depending on actions.
When products are removed and individuals remain alive in population, population may be affected, and the highest sustainable productivity comes when populations are at their largest size or maximum carrying capacity.
When individuals are removed entirely from the wild population, the highest sustainable productivity generally comes when populations are below their largest size or maximum carrying capacity – strategy lowers population density and then extracts at the speed with which the population rebounds
Lomolino et al 2011
Immigrant selection should be most influential in smaller species but may also influence body size evolution in larger mammals if they inhabit very remote islands.
Small species tend towards gigantism, large species tend towards dwarfism.
Loytynoja et al 2023
Saimaa seals population structure mirrors subregions of the lake.
Genetically diverged from other seals.
With one exception, the three groups occupy distinct regions connected by narrow straits
McShane et al 2011
Principles of trade offs
1. Trade-offs between and within scales
2. Context is necessary - no one size fits all
3. Pluralism
4. Complexity
Pausas and Bond, 2021
Approach of using climate and global species distribution maps to characterise species niche assumes climate is major driver of species distribution and that each species responds individually to climate
Closed biomes e.g. forests - limit fuels for fire; trees can colonise open biomes only if disturbance is excluded
Open biomes e.g. savannas, shrublands, grasslands - maintained by fires and large herbivores
By ignoring the biotic response to shade in species distribution models, we are likely to fail to predict the different biodiversity futures in open versus closed biomes
Pecl et al 2017
Combined effects of increasing temps and droughts > increase plant stress > contribute to severity of pest outbreaks and tree dieback > increase fuel loads and fire frequency > drive additional feedback through massive biomass burning and CO2 release.
Increased shrub canopy cover at high latitudes may locally reduce soil temperatures through a buffering effect, slowing release of CO2 from permafrost degradation, thus potentially mitigating warming
Priyadarshini et al., 2021
Sustainable engagement with nature is crucial for sustaining livelihoods of present and future generations.
Emphasises
1. reducing pressures on biodiversity by making food and fuel production systems more resilient
2. Slowing diminishing planetary resilience
3. Facilitating large-scale investment in nature-based solutions that acknowledge climate-change mitigation and promote ecological restoration
4. Transitioning towards planet-friendly lifestyle
5. Developing “supra-national institutions” for governance and management of global common resources
Ratajczak et al., 2022
Increased native plant species richness by 103% at local scales and 86% at catchment scale
Grazing by domestic cattle also increased by less than half as much as bison but still helped.
Native-grazer gains in richness were resilient to an extreme drought, a pressure likely to become more common under future global environmental change
Tobin, Berec and Liebhold, 2011
Allee effects can be a bane in conservation efforts but benefit in attempts to manage non-native species e.g. need to locate mates, cooperatively feed or reproduce, avoid becoming a meal.
Culling - increases mortality rate in density-dependent manner and wouldn’t lead to component Allee effect but could enhance existing one.
Disruption of mating - sterile male technique (reproductive failure because females find sterile males)
