Articles Exam III Flashcards by Doug Kurnel

Nitrate can increase what?

Vasodilation
Angiogensis
Glucose Uptake
SR Ca+ Handling

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Additional benefits of bicarbonate

Reduces exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in arteries

Decreases rating of perceived exertion during exercise

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High-intensity exercise and bicarbonate

Events lasting more than 30 seconds
Repeated sprinting
Combat Sports
Prolonged bouts of exercise (60+ min)

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What are some symptoms of exercise induced acidosis?

Dysfunction of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Reduced cross bridge
Increased Potassium release
Decrease in PFK activity

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Peripheral fatigue is due to an increase in what?

Hydrogen Ions
Potassium Ions
Phosphate
Metabolic Fuel Sources

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Caffeine is an antagonist to what?

Adenosine Receptors

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What enzyme helps metabolize caffeine?

CYP1A2 Isozyme

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Adenosine stimulates what?

Potassium Channels

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Adenosine blocks what?

Pre-synaptic Calcium Channels

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Adenylyl Cyclase decreases

cAMP Levels

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Adenosine hinders _______

Adenylyl Cyclase

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What are the neurotransmitters that are inhibited by adenosine?

Glutamine
GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin 
Acetylcholine

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Adenosine inhibits the release of _________.

Neurotransmitters

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Caffeine inhibits what?

cAMP Phosphodiesterase (2nd messenger)

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Caffeine stimulates ______ to secrete ________?

Pituitary gland

Adrenaline

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Caffeine increases what?

Recruitment of motor units

Mobilization of FFA

Mobilization of Calcium in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

What is the major mechanism for creatine’s effect on anaerobic performance?

Facilitates re-uptake of Ca2+ into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, allowing for faster detachment of AM cross bridge

This produces more force on the next impulse

What’s a major reason for creatine’s benefits in performance?

Decreases muscle growth inhibitors

Increases satellite cell proliferation

Increase in IGF-1 (Major Reason)

What increase do we see in muscle hypertrophy from creatine?

Collagen mRNA

GLUT4

Myosin Heavy Chain IIA

Caffeine is seen as a ______ aid.

Ergogenic aid

What is the superfamily of enzymes?

Cytochrome P450

CYP1A2 isozyme can also be expressed as

Cytochrome P450 1A2

Caffeine is metabolized into what? What is the percent breakdown?

Paraxanthine (84%)
Theobromine (12%)
Theophylline (4%)

Paraxanthine increases what?

Lipolysis

Theobromine is associated with what and increases what?

Vasodilation Increases urine production

Theophylline is what?

A smooth muscle relaxer of bronchi

What substance found in energy drinks was shown to have a big effect in the study?

Taurine

How long do you have to go without caffeine to see an effect if you are a regular user?

3 days

When do trained individuals see the impact of caffeine?

In the morning

Did caffeine show improvements in sprinting?

Do regular users see the effect of caffeine?

The caffeine study was what type of analysis?

Meta-analysis

Nitrate can cause what?

Fatigue resistance Exercise efficiency Exercise performance

In the protein study, what substance was used to test that the subjects were following the diet?

PABA

The buffering of ______ ion allows us to be in a ______ state

H+ Aerobic

_____ is responsible for mitochondrial growth

PGC-1A

PGC-1A is responsible for what. And decreases the reliance of what as a fuel source?

Mitochondrial growth Lactate