Articles Memory 3.5c

Question 1

P1. Pandemics and infodemics: Research on the effects of misinformation on memory (Greenspan & Loftus)

Answer 1

Goal: discuss the consequences of exposure to misinformation during the infodemic, especially concerning memory.

RQ: How does post-event inaccurate info impact.a persons memory for said event?

Findings:
- misinformation effect –> misinfo can negatively effect memory
- continued influence effect –> even when info withdrawn, people still influenced.
- everyone susceptible, especially young and old

Question 2

P1. The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition (Marsch & Rajaram)

Answer 2

RQ: How does relying on internet change cognition?

10 properties of internet that may affect cognition:

1. Unlimited scope –> deferring to internet as ‘expert’, more likely to offload memory.
2. Inaccurate content.
3. Fast changing content.
4. Many distractions and choices –> difficult to ignore irrelevant info.
5. Widespread acces –> ease of use will increase likelihood of reliance.
6. Requirement to search –> not going through info.
7. Fast results –> suggests confidence. instant satisfaction.
8. Ability to author.
9. Source of info is obscured –> difficult to judge trustworthiness of source.
10. Many connections to others.

Question 3

P1. From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (Farzanfar et al.)

Answer 3

Goal: consider the concept ‘spatial schema’ as seperate from event schema and cognitive maps.

Cognitive maps
- Allocentric spatial relations in specific environment
- HPC place cells

Spatial Gist
- Refers to the core features that characterize a particular environment

Spatial schemas
- A generalizable spatial representation of the category of an environment, formed by integrating overlapping neural representation across similar environments
- May draw on multiple gists.

Pattern seperation –> ensure cog. maps and gists not folded into schemas.

Question 4

P1. The many faces of forgetting: Toward a constructive view of forgetting in everyday life (Fawcett & Hulbert)

Answer 4

Goal: Describe a more ‘positive’ view on forgetting.

3 functions of forgetting

Guardian
- maintain coherence, positive self image –> forgetting traumas
-disengage from harmful thoughts and behaviors

Librarian
-efficient cognition

Inventor
- creative and flexible worldview

Question 5

P2. Attention to information in working memory (Oberauer & Hein)

Answer 5

3-embedded-components model
- Activated long term memory (broad focus of attention)
- Region of direct access
- Focus of attention

Question 6

P2. Changing concepts of WM (Ma et al.)

Answer 6

Resource models
- slot model
-equal resources model
- discrete representation
-variable precision (most support)

Question 7

P2. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory (D’esposito et al.)

Question 8

P3. The parallel distributed processing approach to semantic cognition (McClelland & Rogers)

Answer 8

• Processing takes place by the propagation of activation among simple, neuron like units. info is not stored as such but is reconstructed in response to probes. (ffnn)
• network differentiates processes progressively but names first at an intermediate level, overextending frequently at developmental stage.
• to account for fast learning, they added a fast learning system in the medial temporal lobe.
• theory theory

Question 9

P3. The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition (Ralph et al.)

Answer 9

2 main systems:
- representation
- control

Semantic representation:
spoke and hub model
info encoded in modality-specific cortices
ATL hub (transmodal) –> mediates cross modal interactions
ATL hub is graded in its specificity

Semantic control:
distributed neural network that controls the representation network to fit the immediate task.
supports wm and executive representations
pfc plays crucial role

Semantic aphasia vs Semantic dementia

aphasia = disorder of semantic control
dementia = disorder of semantic representation.