Articulation and Acoustics

Question 1

Vocal tract

Answer 1

Air passages above the larynx

Question 2

2 parts of the vocal tract

Answer 2

Oral tract (within mouth and larynx) and nasal tract (within nose)

Question 3

When the flap at the
back of the mouth is lowered, air goes in and out through the ___

Answer 3

Nose

Question 4

Nasal sounds are produced with air going __in/out through the nose

Answer 4

Out

Question 5

Articulators

Answer 5

Parts of the vocal tracts used to form sounds (tongue and lips)

Question 6

Airstream process

Answer 6

All of the ways of pushing air out (or in) that provide the power for speech

Question 7

Phonation process

Answer 7

Actions of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)

Question 8

Oro-nasal process

Answer 8

Possibility of the airstream going out
through the mouth when the velum is raised (e.g. in fricatives) or the nose when the velum is lowered (e.g. in nasals)

Question 9

3 levels of speech sounds

Answer 9

(1) pitch, (2) loudness, and (3) quality

Question 10

In voiced sounds, vibrating vocal folds make air alternate between high and low ____

Answer 10

Pressure

Question 11

Air pressure rises with ___less/more vocal folds vibration

Answer 11

More

Question 12

Low amplitude or voiceless sounds are linked to smaller/bigger, more random variations in air pressure

Answer 12

Smaller

Question 13

Voiced sounds have regular, ___smaller/bigger variations in air pressure

Answer 13

Bigger

Question 14

The articulators that form the ___lower/higher surface of the vocal tract are highly mobile

Answer 14

Lower

Question 15

Direction of movement of articulators

Answer 15

From low to high

Question 16

Alveolar ridge

Answer 16

Proteburance just behind the upper teeth

Question 17

Front part of the roof of the mouth

Answer 17

Hard palate

Question 18

Soft palate

Answer 18

Muscular flap that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx

Question 19

Velic closure

Answer 19

When the soft palate is shutting off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose. It separates the nasal tract from
the oral tract so that the air can go out only through the mouth.

Question 20

Uvula

Answer 20

Small appendage hanging down the lower end of the soft palate

Question 21

The part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx

Answer 21

Pharynx

Question 22

The tip and blade of the
____ are the most mobile parts

Answer 22

Tongue

Question 23

Epiglottis

Answer 23

Attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue.

Question 24

In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be _____ in some way.

Answer 24

Obstructed

Question 25

Primary articulators that can cause an obstruction in most languages

Answer 25

Lips, the tongue

Question 26

Labial articulations

Answer 26

Speech gestures using the lips

Question 27

Coronal articulations

Answer 27

Using the tip or blade of the tongue

Question 28

Dorsal articulations

Answer 28

Using the back of the tongue

Question 29

Bilabial sounds

Answer 29

Made with the 2 lips

Question 30

Labiodental sounds

Answer 30

Lower lip and upper front teeth

Question 31

Dental

Answer 31

Tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth

Question 32

Interdental

Answer 32

Sounds in which the tongue protrudes between the teeth

Question 33

Alveolar

Answer 33

Tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge

Question 34

Retroflex

Answer 34

Tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge

Question 35

Palato-Alveolar

Answer 35

Tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.

Question 36

Palatal

Answer 36

Front of the tongue and hard palate

Question 37

Velar

Answer 37

Back of the tongue and soft palate

Question 38

Labials

Answer 38

Bilabial and labiodental

Question 39

Coronals

Answer 39

Dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palato-alveolar (postalveolar)

Question 40

Dorsal

Answer 40

Velar

Question 41

In most speech, the soft palate is raised so that there is a velic ____opening/closure.

Answer 41

Closure

Question 42

Nasal consonant

Answer 42

When the soft palate is lowered and there is an obstruction in the mouth

Question 43

Oral stop/plosives

Answer 43

In addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, the soft palate is raised so that the nasal tract is blocked off, and the airstream will be completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up

Question 44

Nasal stop

Answer 44

The air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that air can go out through the nose

Question 45

The word stop is commonly used to imply a complete stoppage of the airflow through both...

Answer 45

The nose and the mouth (oral stops)

Question 46

Fricative

Answer 46

Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced

Question 47

Sibilants

Answer 47

Higher-pitched fricatives with a more obvious hiss, such as those in sigh, shy

Question 48

Approximant

Answer 48

A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced

Question 49

Lateral (Approximant)

Answer 49

Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

Question 50

Taps

Answer 50

The tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge

Question 51

Affricate

Answer 51

The articulators (tongue tip or blade and alveolar ridge) come together for the stop and then, instead of coming fully apart, separate only slightly, so that a fricative is made at approximately the same place of articulation.

Question 52

Glottal stop

Answer 52

Stop at beginning of words starting with a vowel

Question 53

Front vowel

Answer 53

The tongue tip is down behind the lower front teeth, and the body of the tongue is domed upward

Question 54

Back vowels

Answer 54

The tongue is close to the back surface of the vocal tract.

Question 55

3 levels of vowels

Answer 55

(1) the height of the body of the tongue; (2) the front–back position of the tongue; and (3) the degree of lip rounding.

Question 56

Vowels contain a number of different ____ simultaneously

Answer 56

Pitches

Question 57

The pitch at which the vowel is spoken depends on the ____ being produced by the vibrating vocal folds

Answer 57

Pulses

Question 58

Overtone pitches depend on the shape of the resonating ____ of the vocal tract.

Answer 58

Cavities

Question 59

What gives the vowel its distinctive quality

Answer 59

The pitches of the overtones

Question 60

The only sensation of pitch is the note on which the vowel is said, which depends on the rate of _____ of the vocal folds

Answer 60

Vibration

Question 61

Formants

Answer 61

Overtones of the vowels

Question 62

First formant

Answer 62

Lower pitch

Question 63

Second formant

Answer 63

Higher pitch

Question 64

Suprasegmentals

Answer 64

Variations in stress, pitch and length

Question 65

Stress in English is produced by ...

Answer 65

(1) increased activity of the respiratory muscles, producing greater loudness (2) exaggeration of consonant and vowel properties, such as vowel height and stop aspiration (3) exaggeration of pitch so that low pitches are lower and high pitches are higher

Question 66

Pitch changes

Answer 66

Change of rate of vibration of the vocal folds

Question 67

Each opening and closing of the vocal folds causes ____ of air pressure in the sound wave

Answer 67

A peak

Question 68

Frequency (Hz)

Answer 68

Number of complete repetitions (cycles) of a pattern of air pressure variation occurring in a second.

Question 69

1 Hertz (Hz) correspond to...

Answer 69

Number of closing and opening movement/second

Question 70

When a speech sound goes _____ in frequency, it also goes _____ in pitch.

Answer 70

Up

Question 71

The pitch of a sound may be equated with its fundamental _____

Answer 71

Frequency

Question 72

The pitch pattern in a sentence is known as the _______

Answer 72

Intonation

Question 73

Children and women have a higher ____

Answer 73

Pitch

Question 74

Mainly rising intonation indicates ...

Answer 74

A question