Artificial Intelligence Concepts

Question 1

What are the three AI subtypes mentioned by MIT CSAIL course?

Answer 1

Machine Learning, Natural Language Understanding, Robotics.

Question 2

What are rule-based systems in AI?

Answer 2

Systems that operate based on predefined rules, such as medical diagnosis systems.

Question 3

What type of AI searches multiple possibilities to determine the best outcome?

Answer 3

Chess-playing programs search many possible sequences of moves to determine the most favorable ones.

A chess-playing program typically uses a type of AI called “search-based AI.” Specifically, the program searches through many possible sequences of moves that the program and its opponent might make to find the moves that are most favorable. The key components of such AI include:

1. Minimax Algorithm: This is a recursive algorithm used to determine the optimal move for a player, assuming that the opponent is also playing optimally. It evaluates the possible future moves to a certain depth and then assigns a value based on the board state. The player will try to maximize its chances of winning (hence “max”) while assuming that the opponent will minimize the player’s chances (hence “min”).
2. Alpha-Beta Pruning: This is an optimization technique for the minimax algorithm. It reduces the number of branches in the search tree by eliminating moves that are provably worse than previously examined moves.
3. Evaluation Functions: These provide a value representing the “goodness” of a board state. While it’s computationally infeasible to search the entire possible move tree of a chess game (which is astronomically large), the search typically goes to a certain depth, after which the evaluation function estimates the value of the board without going deeper.
4. Opening Libraries: Many chess programs incorporate a library of known opening sequences. This allows the program to play the initial moves very quickly by looking them up in a database rather than computing them.
5. Endgame Databases: For many endgame situations with only a few pieces on the board, the optimal sequence of moves (leading to a win, loss, or draw) has been precomputed and stored in databases. When the game reaches one of these known states, the program can simply query the database for the best move.

In recent years, machine learning (especially deep learning) has also been introduced into chess AI. Google’s AlphaZero, for example, used deep neural networks combined with Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to teach itself chess (and other games) from scratch and achieved superhuman performance.

Question 4

How does Google ensure new employees use TensorFlow?

Answer 4

By giving away the TensorFlow system for free.

Question 5

What won’t companies give away easily in the next era of AI?

Answer 5

Their data that provides them with a competitive advantage.

Question 6

What is Merge according to Bob Berwick and Noam Chomsky?

Answer 6

An operation that allows humans to combine two concepts to form a third without affecting the original concepts.

“Merge” is a crucial concept in the context of human linguistic capabilities and cognitive evolution. Here’s a concise explanation of its significance for AI:

Merge’s Importance to AI:

1. Complex Symbolic Reasoning: Merge facilitates the creation of deeply-nested symbolic descriptions of events, enabling advanced reasoning. For AI to mimic human-like understanding, it needs capabilities to process complex narratives and explanations.
2. Understanding Human Narratives: With Merge, humans can tell intricate stories, interweaving diverse events and ideas. For AI to interpret and generate human-like narratives, understanding the foundational principles like Merge becomes essential.
3. Bridging Cognitive Gaps: Emulating operations like Merge can lead AI closer to human cognition, ensuring that machine intelligence aligns better with human reasoning and thought processes.
4. Enhancing Trust: AI that reasons and then narrates its processes using human-understandable narratives (potentially powered by operations like Merge) can enhance trust and rapport between machines and humans.

In essence, Merge offers a potential pathway for AI to emulate human-like cognitive processes, especially in narrative understanding and reasoning. Integrating such principles could result in AI systems that are more aligned with, and relatable to, human ways of thinking.

Question 7

Why is Merge important?

Answer 7

It enables symbolic descriptions of relations and events, allowing humans to tell stories.

Question 8

What does the Strong Story Hypothesis propose?

Answer 8

That the mechanisms enabling humans to tell, understand, and recombine stories separate our intelligence from other primates.

Question 9

What capabilities might future AI systems possess?

Answer 9

Summarizing, using concepts, composing their own stories, hypothetical reasoning, and exhibiting aspects of self-awareness.

Question 10

What do words like intelligence, creativity, and consciousness have in common in AI context?

Answer 10

They are ‘suitcase words’ that encompass a variety of meanings and capabilities.

Question 11

What do modern AI systems need for trust?

Answer 11

The ability to explain what they are doing.

Question 12

Who is considered the father of artificial intelligence?

Answer 12

Alan Turing.

Question 13

What test did Alan Turing propose to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior?

Answer 13

The Turing Test.

Question 14

What is the significance of the ELIZA program in AI history?

Answer 14

ELIZA, developed in the mid-1960s by Joseph Weizenbaum, was one of the first chatbot programs and could emulate a Rogerian psychotherapist.

Question 15

Which AI winter was a result of the failure of machine translation projects in the 1960s?

Answer 15

The first AI winter that occurred in the late 1960s to the early 1970s.

Question 16

What is the significance of the ‘Lighthill Report’ in AI history?

Answer 16

The ‘Lighthill Report’ criticized the inability of AI to meet its ambitious objectives, leading to reduced funding and interest in AI research in the UK.

Question 17

How did the introduction of expert systems affect AI in the 1980s?

Answer 17

Expert systems marked a revival in AI interest and funding. These systems emulated the decision-making ability of human experts in specific domains.

Question 18

What did the second AI winter, which occurred in the late 1980s, result from?

Answer 18

The collapse of the Lisp machine market and the realization that expert systems were limited in their capabilities.

Question 19

How did the availability of big data and increased computing power influence AI in the 21st century?

Answer 19

It led to the resurgence of neural networks and the advent of deep learning, which made significant advancements in areas like image and speech recognition.

Question 20

Why is the game ‘Go’ significant in the history of AI?

Answer 20

In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated world champion Lee Sedol in the game of Go, a milestone in AI due to the complexity and vast number of possible moves in the game.

Question 21

What is the significance of GPT-3 in the realm of AI?

Answer 21

GPT-3, developed by OpenAI, is a state-of-the-art language model that can generate human-like text, demonstrating the capabilities of modern machine learning techniques.