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Biology > AS - Cells and microscopy > Flashcards

AS - Cells and microscopy Flashcards

1
Q 
Light Microscopes, 
Resolution
Magnification
Advantages
Disadvantages
A

M = x1500
R = 200nm
+ Can view living organisms, Easy, cheap, small
- Limited resolution

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2
Q 
Transmission Electron Microscope
Resolution
Magnification
Advantages
Disadvantages
A

M = x100 000
R = 0.1nm
+ Higher resolution and magnification than LM
- Specimen cannot be alive, black and white images

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3
Q 
Scanning Electron Microscope
Resolution
Magnification
Advantages
Disadvantages
A

M = x500 000
R = 0.1nm
+ High magnification, can make 3D images
- Cannot be alive specimen, large, expensive

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4
Q 
Confocal Microscope
Resolution
Magnification
Advantages
Disadvantages
A

M = x2000
R = higher than LM, lower than EM
+ Looking at living cells
Understanding relationships between cells
Highlighting individual components of cells
- large, expensive

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5
Q

Magnification Calculation

A

Image size = Magnification x Object size

(micrometres) = 1mm/1000

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6
Q

Leishman’s Stain

A

Blood dried firsr, fixed with methanol, flooded left for 2 minutes than diluted with water, left 5-7 minutes, washed

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7
Q

Wright’s stain

A

White Blood cell counts

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8
Q

What happens if blood smear is spread to thin/thick

A

too thin: small sample

too thick: individual cells cannot be seen

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9
Q

Blood Functions

A
  • deliver oxygen/ nutrients to tissues
  • removal of waste from tissues
  • clotting
  • distribution of heat to regulate core body temperature
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10
Q

What are Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells
Granulocytes - contain granules
Agranulocytes - no granules

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Help body defend against fungal or bacterial infections
Multi lobed nucleus - allows flexibility
Engulf and breakdown bacteria

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12
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A

2-3(micrometer) diameter, biconcave discs
produced in bone marrow + no nucleus
blood clotting
circulate in blood for 6-7 days

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13
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Deliver oxygen/ CO2
develop in bone marrow circulate i blood stream 100-120 days
Diameter = 6.2-8.2(micrometers)
2-2.5 (micrometers) thick
No nucleus, large SA/V ratio, biconcave flexible + squeeze through capillaries

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B: produce immunoglobulins
T: Helper T - produce cytoxins coordinate immune response.
Cytotoxic T cells: bind to antigens and destroy them

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis, remove dead cell debris

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Control activites of cell, genetic material, manufacture rRNA

17
Q

Mitochondria

A

1-10 (micrometers), produce ATP, energy carrier molecule, carry out later stages of aerobic respiration

18
Q

Cell Wall

A

Control what enters and exits cell

19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesise and store, transport lipids and carbohydrates

20
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Large surface area for protein synthesis + transport

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

22
Q

Golgi

A

Assemble polypeptide to proteins, place into vesicles

23
Q

Plant (only) organelles

A

Chloroplast: photosynthesis

Large Vacuole: Keeps cell turgid

24
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Circular DNA, Plasmids, mesosome, pili, flagella

25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
Moves organelles through cytoplasm
Microtubules: 23nm
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Maintain shape + structure of cell
26
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

1) Genetic info copied to Mrna
2) Mrna enters from nucleus - Cytoplasm
3) Mrna attaches to ribosome
4) Ribosome translates code into polypeptide chain
5) Protein - Vesicle - transported to Golgi
6) Golgi packages protein
7) Secreted out of cell

27
Q

Cell membranes exist…

A

around outside of ALL cells, surrounding organelles in Eukaryotic cells

28
Q

Cell membranes functions

A

Control entry and exit of molecules in organelles
Provide an internal transport system
Isolate organelles to allow them to carry out specific chemical reactions

29
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Disallows soluble molecules to cross membrane
Allows membrane flexibility
Allows membrane to be stable

30
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

Phosphate - Glycogen - 2 fatty acid tails

31
Q

Proteins

A

Intergral: within bilayer, sometimes intrinsic
Peripheral: edges of bilayer, extrensic proteins

32
Q

Proteins functions

A 
Structural support
Carry soluble molecules across membrane
Form channels for active transport
Help cells adhere to each other
Receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters
33
Q

Cholesterol

A

Hydrophobic - water = :(
Provides strength
Regulates fluidity

34
Q

Simple transport

A

Passive
High concentration –> Low concentration
DOWN concentration gradient
Factors affecting: Concentration gradient, molecule size, surface area, diffusion distance

35
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive

Channel/Carrier proteins

36
Q

Bulk transport

A

Endocytosis: bulk movement of material into cell
Pinocytosis: Cells engulf liquid material
Phagocytosis: Cells engulf solid material

37
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses carrier protein and ATP to change shape

Biology (15 decks)

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