AS CORE CONCEPTS (new + detailed) Flashcards
what is the structure of water
1 slightly negative oxygen atoms
2 slightly positive hydrogen atoms
define polar / dipole molecule
opposite charges attract to each other creating hydrogen bonds to form between
define high specific heat capacity and its importance to water
- taking in or out a large amount of energy to raise the temperature to 1 degree
- the temperature of water does not change rapidly meaning aquatic organisms can function and survive
explain the importance of cold conditions in water (freezing + ice)
- less dense than liquid water so it floats
- acts as a habitat for organisms
- insulation below
define and explain the importance of high latent heat of vaporisation to water
- taking a large amount of energy to evaporate water
- organisms don’t have to loose a great deal of energy so they sweat to cool themselves
define and explain solvents importance to water
- dissolves in water
- can dissolve ionic and polar substances meanings its universal
- dissolves oxygen for respiration
explain why cohesions importance to water
- hydrogen bonds
- water travels up xylem tubes allowing transport
- surface tension allows water to meet air so organisms can use this for habitat
what do magnesium ions do?
help plants with chlorophyll
what do nitrate ions do?
make DNA + animo acids
what do calcium ions do?
strengthen bones and cell walls
what do phosphate ions do?
make ATP + ADP
what do iron ions do?
haemoglobin, oxygen in cells
what elements for carbohydrates contain?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
3 examples of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
3 examples of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
3 examples of disaccharides
maltose
sucrose
lactose
3 examples of polysaccharides
glycogen
cellulose
starch
Explain Benedict’s test
Test for sugars
Reducing sugars: heat in water bath for 5 minutes and should turn from blue to yellow/orange/brick red
Non reducing sugars: add hydrochloric acid then neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate , should turn blue to brick red
Test for starch
Iodine
Orange -> blue/black
What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose
Alpha glucose has its carboxyl group below whilst beta glucose has its above
What is the structure of starch?
Made up of 2 polysaccharides of a-glucose
Amylose: unbranched, 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin: contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
What is starch structure related to its function?
Helical because of angles on glycosidic bonds - compact, storage
Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
Branched chains - more efficient hydrolysis for respiration
Large - can’t leave cell
What is the function of glycogen?
Main storage of energy in animals, stores in muscle and liver cells
What is the structure of glycogen?
Polysaccharides of alpha glucose with branded chains
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
