AS Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the general formula?

Answer 1

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
E.g. CnH2n+1OH for alcohols

Question 2

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 2

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 3

Whats the molecular formula?

Answer 3

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 4

What is the structural formula?

Answer 4

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups
E.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Question 5

What is skeletal formula?

Answer 5

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups, the hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown

Question 6

What is the displayed formula?

Answer 6

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

Question 7

What is a homologous series?

Answer 7

A group of compounds that contain the same functional group, they can all be represented by the same general formula

Question 8

What is the prefix/suffix of an alkane?

Answer 8

-ane

Question 9

What is the prefix/suffix of a branched alkane?

Answer 9

• alkyl

Question 10

What is the prefix/suffix of an alkene?

Answer 10

-ene

Question 11

What is the prefix/suffix of halogenoalkanes?

Answer 11

Fluoro- / chloro- / bromo- / iodo-

Question 12

What is the prefix/suffix of alcohols?

Answer 12

-ol

Question 13

What is the prefix/suffix of aldehydes?

Answer 13

-al

Question 14

What is the prefix/suffix of ketones?

Answer 14

-one

Question 15

What is the prefix/suffix of carboxylic acids?

Answer 15

-oic acid

Question 16

What is the prefix/suffix of esters?

Answer 16

Alkyl- -oate

Question 17

What is the prefix/suffix of amines?

Answer 17

-amine

Question 18

What is the prefix/suffix of amides?

Answer 18

-amide

Question 19

What is the prefix/suffix of acyl chlorides?

Answer 19

-oyl chloride

Question 20

What is the prefix/suffix of cycloalkanes?

Answer 20

Cyclo- - ane

Question 21

What is the prefix/suffix of arenes?

Answer 21

-benzene
Phenyl-

Question 22

What are the rules of nomenclature?

Answer 22

1- count the longest continuous carbon chain = meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex-
2- main functional groups gives you the suffix
3- if more than one longest chain, pick the one with most side-chains
4- write the carbon number that the functional group is on before the suffix
5- side chains = prefixes in alphabetical order with the carbon number attached
6- more than one identical chain then di- tri- or tetra-

Question 23

What is an isomer?

Answer 23

Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 24

What are structural isomers?

Answer 24

Atoms are connected in different ways, so they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 25

What are chain isomers?

Answer 25

- different arrangements on the carbon skeleton - some are straight chains some are branched

Question 26

What are positional isomers?

Answer 26

- same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached - functional group of group of atoms is attached to a different carbon

Question 27

What are functional group isomers?

Answer 27

Same atoms arranged into different functional groups

Question 28

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 28

Same structural formula but a different arrangement in space - double bonds cannot rotate, they are planar - restricted rotation causes E/Z isomerism

Question 29

How are the groups of atoms arranged in E-isomers?

Answer 29

On opposite sides/ across from each other Epposite or E for enemies

Question 30

How are the atoms arranged in Z-isomers?

Answer 30

On the same side either above of below the double bond Zame zide = same side

Question 31

How can the CIP priority rules help to identify an E or Z isomer?

Answer 31

- assign a priority by looking at the atoms directly bonded to the C=C bond, the atoms with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given higher priority - see how the two higher priority groups are arranged - may have to look further along the chain to work out priorities