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asdasda Flashcards

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1
Q

What is some of the feed for farmed fish that has increased the total production?

A

Increasingly coming from plants: soy, rapseed, wheat and more

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2
Q

Top 3 fish producers in total (2015-19)?

A

China, Indionesia, India

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3
Q

what is an ecolabel

A

logo printed on a product, meaning that it is certified and met certain standards

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4
Q

How does ecolabeling work

A

market-based and is voluntary. is used by some industries and non-profit organizations

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5
Q

What does MSC stand for

A

Marine Stewardship Council

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6
Q

Three basiv principles of MSC to evaluate fisheries

A

a) sustainable fish stocks
b) minimizing environmental impacts
c) effective managament

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7
Q

What are the two main certification bodies for sustainable seafood?

A

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC).

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8
Q

What is the main difference between the MSC and ASC certification programs?

A

MSC focuses on wild-caught fisheries, while ASC focuses on environmentally and socially responsible farmed seafood.

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9
Q

How do capture fisheries and aquaculture interact? Give som examples

A

fisheries provide inputs for aquaculture, such as feed

aquaculture can have negative ecological impacts on wild fish

competition

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10
Q

What is the fish meal trap?

A

aquacultures fish and uses it to feed their aquaculture. this reduces wild fish stocks

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11
Q

: Is there evidence to suggest that aquaculture has caused declines in capture fisheries?

A

no, evidence show that the species are not overfished

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12
Q

how has the growth of aquaculture been?

A

Total aquaculture production and production by species group grew more than total fish meal and fish oil production between 1976 and 2017.

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13
Q

Should we think about fisheries and aquaculture as distinct and separate systems?

A

No, based on [Anderson, 2002], we should not, as the degree of control over the environment, production, and marketing systems is closely related to the strength of property rights.

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14
Q

What is the core difference between aquaculture and traditional fisheries?

A

The core difference is the degree of control over the environment, production, and marketing systems, which is closely related to the strength of property rights.

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15
Q

Why is space in marine and estuarine environments considered a common-pool resource?

A

because anyone can enter and use the resource

no defined property rights

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16
Q

How can the non-market value of ecosystem services be estimated?

A

use non-market valuation methods like
a) production function
b) expected damage function
c) hedonic pricing
d) choice experiments
e) travel cost method
f) avoided cost method
g) replacement cost method

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17
Q

what is a revealed preference method?

A

a method to find peoples preferences and how they value the good or service based on their ACTUAL behavior rather than their stated preferences

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18
Q

whats the expected damage function

A

function that predicts potential losses from a particular risk

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19
Q

expected damage function, example

A

Forecast losses associated with an disease outbreak based on the probability of it

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20
Q

what is hedonic pricing

A

method to estimate economic values for ecosystem or environmental service that directly affect market prices

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21
Q

hedonic pricing example

A

Estimate how water quality affects the market price of fish

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22
Q

whats choice experiments

A

give people hypotethical scenarios and make them chooe.

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23
Q

choice experiment example

A

ask consumers to choose between fish raised in different conditions (organic vs nonorganic)

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24
Q

whats the travel cost method

A

This method estimates the value of a recreational site based on how much people are willing to spend to travel to it

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25
travel cost method example
determining the value of a fishing location by looking at how much fishers are willing to spend to travel there.
26
whats the avoided cost method
estimates the value of an ecosystem service by considering the cost of avoiding damages from lost services.
27
avoided costs example
calculating the cost of building and operating a hatchery to replace natural fish production if a river system becomes too polluted for fish to survive.
28
whats the replacement cost method
estimates the value of an ecosystem service by determining what it would cost to replace that service.
29
replacement cost method example
if a disease wipes out a fish stock, the replacement cost method would estimate the value of that stock based on the cost to replace it with a healthy one.
30
How can non-market valuation methods help inform land use policy decisions?
estimate economic value of nonmarketable goods
31
What are the key externalities in aquaculture?
a) pollution b) water quality c) escapes d) disease e) climate change f) interactions g) aquafeeds
32
What is a common-pool resource?
anyone can enter and use it
33
what is aquaculture
farming of aquating organisms
34
aquaculture contribution to global food system
1. very important contributor. 2. fastest-growing sector in animal protein production 3. increasing demand for seafood
35
What are the negative impacts of aquaculture on the environment?
a) organic waste, b) antibiotics and chemicals, c) salmon escapees, d) sea lice, e) increased demand for feed that threatens the associated capture fisheries and more
36
What are some of the environmental impacts of salmon farming?
organic waste antibiotics and chemicals salmon escapes sea lice
37
What is the market failure in aquaculture?
he failure of the market to allocate resources efficiently to maximize social welfare, which is caused by a) externalities, b) public goods, c) common pool resources, d)) asymmetric information, e) uncertainty.
38
How can market failures in aquaculture be solved?
1. Internalizing the benefits/costs through regulations, taxes and subsidies 2. property rights -> open accesss problem 3. information campaigns to stop asymmetrical information
39
Why is limited research on aquaculture regulation in developing countries a concern?
1. these countries often lack the resources to have effective regulations 2. Also poor --> incentive to prioritize high gain now
40
What are the two types of aquaculture?
Extensive Intensive
41
What is Extensive Aquaculture?
Extensive aquaculture is a low-input system that uses ponds, lakes, or other water bodies and requires minimal management or interventions, low population densities, and feeds on natural food sources.
42
What is Intensive Aquaculture?
Intensive aquaculture is a high-input system that uses tanks, cages, or other confined spaces and requires more management or interventions such as water quality and temperature control, high population densities, and feeds with formulated diets.
43
How can organic waste be damaging to the enviroment?
1. uneating food, feces goes to the seafloor 2. damage water quality and habitat 3. it consumes oxygen, and can create low-oxygen "dead zones"
44
How can antibiotics and chemicals be damaging to the environment?
1. damage water 2. antibiotic-resistant bacteria Risky for both environment and human health (since we can eat them)
45
how can salmon ecapes be damaging to the environment?
1. compete with wild salmon for resources 2. interbreed with them 3. spread diseases
46
how can sea lice be damaging to the environment
1. harm to the farmed fish 2. transmission to wild fish 3. disrupt the natural ecosystem
47
Increased demand for feed: how can it be a problem for the environment
many eat fishmeal and fish oil. this can put pressure on wild fish stocks (overfishing of wild stocks)
48
what are externalities
Externalities are the costs or benefits of an activity that affect third parties not directly involved in the activity.
49
what are negativ externalities in aquaculture? and why are it externalities
pollution, disease spread, and damage to wild fish populations. often not borne by producers. they just want to produce as much as possible (overproduction)
50
whats a tool to stop negative externalities in aquaculture, and what can be its consequences?
internalize the external costs. 1. production levels may decrease 2. more sustainable practices adopted
51
whats public goods in the context of aquaculture
the marine environment, clean water, and healthy ecosystems can be considered public goods.
52
how can public goods lead to market failure?
Overexploitation and degradation of these resources can lead to market failure, as individual producers do not bear the full costs of their actions.
53
what is common pool resources? what are some examples?
Common pool resources are resources that are rivalrous but difficult to exclude people from using. Fish stocks and other marine resources are examples of common pool resources.
54
How can common pool resources lead to market failure? how can this be stopped?
Without proper regulation and management, aquaculture operators may overharvest these resources to maximize their profits, leading to overexploitation and depletion, which is known as the “tragedy of the commons.”
55
whats asymmetric information
one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other
56
how can asymmetrical info lead to market failure in aquaculture?
producers may have more information about the environmental and health risks associated with their products than consumers. consumers may unwittingly purchase products that have negative impacts on the environment or their health, resulting in overconsumption of unsustainable products.
57
According to economic theory, what are property rights necessary for?
Necessary for economic efficiency: a) high level of production b) Economic growth
58
what are the key properties for strong property tights in fisheries?
1. exclusivity 2. durability 3. security 4. Tradability
59
In the context of property rights, what is exclusivity? provide an example
No other individuals or companies can fish in that area without permission. * For example, in Individual Transferable Quatos (ITQs) system, each fisher has exclusive rights to catch certain quantity of fish.
60
In the context of property rights, what is durability? provide an example
Duration of the property right. Grants for a significant period of time. * For example, a fishing company gets 20 years rights to fish in that area (they will now be more willing to invest in better fishing equipment)
61
In the context of property rights, what is security? provide an example
Security of property rights. Rights are upheld and protected. * Fishing company have legal recourse if another company fishes in their area
62
In the context of property rights, what is tradability? provide an example
Property rights can be bought and sold. * A company wants to focus on other area or spieces, sells its rights to another company
63
What is the open access/common pool arrangement of harvesting in fisheries?
Everyone can enter, but no one has explicit property rights. The fish is yours if you capture it
64
What are the consequences of weak property rights in fisheries?
Elimination of fish stocks Damage to the marine ecosystem Miss out on economic benefits
65
What are the instruments for rights-based management in fisheries?
The instruments for rights-based management in fisheries include 1) TURFs, 2) ITQs, 3) Fishery cooperatives
66
What is a Fishery Cooperative?
A Fishery Cooperative is an association that collectively holds rights to control some or all of its member’s fishing activities.
67
What is the purpose of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) in rights-based fisheries management?
The purpose of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) in rights-based fisheries management is to allocate species-based rights to individuals.
68
What is TURF?
Territorial Use Rights Fisheries * Gives exclusive access to specific areas or territory of fishing (space-based rights). Creates a sense of ownership/property rights.
69
What is the purpose of Fishery Cooperatives in rights-based fisheries management?
The purpose of Fishery Cooperatives in rights-based fisheries management is to facilitate collective action by a group of individuals.
70
what is the purpose of TURF?
* The purpose of Territorial Use Rights Fisheries (TURFs) in rights-based fisheries management is to allocate space-based rights to individuals or groups.
71
How do strong property rights promote economic efficiency in fisheries?
Strong property rights promote economic efficiency in fisheries by providing exclusivity, durability, security, and tradability, which can lead to a high level of production and economic growth.
72
What are individual transferable quotas (ITQs)?
Give rights to harvest a certain volume of fish. Held by individual agents and are tradable. q (i, t) = a(i, t) * TAC(t) Agents quota at time t = quota share * TAC
73
Why are property rights important in fisheries management?
to ensure economic efficiency 1. high production 2. economic growth
74
What is the structure (formula) of ITQs?
The structure of ITQs includes a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and individual shares of quota (q(i,t)), which are multiplied by the TAC to determine the quota for each agent (a(i,t)). q (i, t) = a(i, t) * TAC(t) Agents quota at time t = quota share * TAC
75
How many fishing nations have adopted ITQ systems?
2010: 222 fishing nations
76
What are the relative successes of ITQ systems?
1. overcoming the common property problem 2. improving economics of fisheries 3. reduce excessive fishing effort and capital use 4. reverse previous long-term declines in stocks
77
What are the four dimensions of property rights in ITQs?
1. exclusivity 2. tradability 3. security 4. durability
78
What is the perfect ITQ system?
The perfect ITQ system has full exclusivity, durability, security, and tradability.
79
How can ITQs promote fishery efficiency?
1. quality over quantity (security) refers to the quota system. can use less effort and earn more 2. tradeable quotas (tradability) the most efficient can buy more quotas and vice versa 3. long term planning (duration) tradability encourages long term planning
80
What are the inherent limitations of (perfect) ITQs?
1. Efficient fishing activity: Even when perfect, does not guarantee efficient fishing activity. Biomass: May not ensure that fish stock biomass are optimal Marine Ecosystems and Habitat: May not address impact of fishing gear on marine ecosystems and habitats Interactions: Typically single-species based. May not account for interections between different species.
81
What are the imperfect applications of ITQs?
1. Reduced quality on property rights * A fishery does not get long-term ITQ, hence cannot invest in sustainable practices 2. Discrete TAC periods: * May typically not align with natural fluctuations and life cycles 3. Aggregate quotas * ITQ may be set for groups of fish stocks, or geographical areas rather than individual species. Can be damaging for sum-stocks 4. Inappropriate TACs * Optimal TAC depends on accurate info, whoch is hard to find. 5. Inadequate enforcement: Effective ITQ must have ability to monitor. Often lack of resources
82
Key features for the success of TURFs?
1. identification of closed class of users (exclusivity) 2. boundary enforcement (exclusivity) 3. internal rules + incentives 4. Duration + security of rights
83
who is famous for its TURF system
Japan
84
What is Japan’s nearshore TURF system?
grants exclusive use of the marine resources in zones extending off the coastline adjacent to coastal villages with poor access to rice lands.
85
How do TURFs compare to ITQs?
TURF: give groups collective rights to fish in certain areas ITQs: Give specific catch limits to individual fishers or companies
86
What are the challenges of TURFs?
1. Scale matching: This refers to making sure the size and location of the TURF aligns with the habitats and migration patterns of the fish species being managed. If fish move in and out of the TURF, it can make management and conservation efforts difficult. 2. Minimizing transaction costs: If a TURF is too large, it can become difficult and costly for the fishers within the TURF to coordinate their activities and make collective decisions. 3. Determining optimal scale: This means finding the right balance in the size of the TURF so it's both ecologically effective (large enough to protect the species) and economically efficient (small enough to allow easy coordination among fishers).
87
How do TURFs and Fishery cooperatives blend together?
TURFs and Fishery cooperatives often blend together when a coastal community claims exclusive rights over a marine resource and forms an association.
88
What are the multiple objectives of fisheries management?
a) ecological b) economical c) management
89
Why is there no one-size-fits-all solution in fisheries management?
each tool has its pros and cons and is better in some cases
90

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