asexual reproduction Flashcards
what are the different modes of asexual reproduction?
- fission
-binary fission
-multiple fission - fragmentation
- regeneration
- budding
- vegetative propagation
- spore formation
what is fission?
fission is a process used by unicellular organisms to reproduce. in this the unicellular organism simply split into two equal parts to form two new organisms.
what are the types of fission?
there are two main types of fission:
1. binary fission- the cell divides its single nucleus into 2 and then divides the cytoplasm. this creates two identical daughter cells.
2. multiple fission- the cell divides its nucleus into multiple nuclei and gives rise to multiple daughter cells.
what is fragmentation?
fragmentation is a reproductive process used by multicellular organisms that have a simple body structure. in this, the organism simply breaks itself upon maturation into multiple parts or fragments that grow into new individuals.
how can reproduction be achieved from a single cell type if the organism itself consists of many cell types?
there must be a single cell type in the organism that is capable of growing, proliferating and making other cell types under the right circumstances.
what is regeneration?
it is a process through which if an organism’s certain bodypart somehow cut or broken into pieces (manual or natural), most of the pieces grow back.
what are the differences between regeneration and fragmentation?
fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction where an organism reproduces by the process of splitting into fragments and each fragment grows into an individual organism.
regeneration happens when an organism regrows certain parts or limbs which are lost due to some reason. regeneration cannot be considered reproduction, since organisms do not depend entirely on regeneration to reproduce.
why is regeneration not considered a form of reproduction?
regeneration is not the same as reproduction since though it is forming new organisms, it is not necessarily a process that any organism depends upon entirely to reproduce. ie. there is no specific organism that depends on regeneration entirely to be able to reproduce.
regeneration is carried out by ______ cells.
specialized.
how does regeneration occur in the specialized cells?
- first, these cells proliferate and make large numbers of cells.
- from these, different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissues.
- these changes occur in an organized sequence called development.
what is budding?
budding is used in organisms to reproduce. this happens due to the spawning of a bud on the parent plant that separates to form a new independent individual (see example of hydra on page 117)
what is vegetative propagation?
vegetative propagation is the process through which different parts of a certain plant such as its roots, stems or leaves are developed into new plants under the right conditions.
what are the advantages of vegetative propagation? (4 points)
-vegetative propagation is used in agriculture methods such as layering or grafting to grow more plants like sugarcanes and grapes.
-plants raised by vegetative propagation bear fruits faster than those by seeds.
-this method also helps growing plants such as banana and jasmine that don’t produce seeds.
-all plants produced by vegetative propagation are genetically similar to the parent plant and have all their characteristics.
what is spore formation?
spore formation is a type of asexual reproduction through which the reproductive parts of an organism come in contact with moist surfaces and begin to grow.
how does spore formation take place? (active recall)
-rhizopus goes through spore formation for reproduction.
-the rhizopus has reproductive parts that are tiny blob-on-a-stick structures, where the blobs are the main reproductive part.
-these blobs are called sporangia (sing-sporangium) that contain cells that grow into new rhizopus individuals.
-these sporangia are covered with thick walls that protect them until they come into contact with moist surfaces and begin to grow.
