Asexual/sexual reproduction

Question 1

Genetic Diveristy

Answer 1

the amount of genetic variation that exists between individauls

Question 2

Gene pool

Answer 2

The sum of differnet alleles present in a certain population

note in a gene pool”
the number of dominant alleles is 10/16
the number of recessive alleles is 6/16

Question 3

What does it mean to have a larger gene pool/what is the advantage of this

Answer 3

Larger genetic diveristy

for exmaple, the population of cheetahs decreased during the ice age as tehey had a small gene pool so the cheetahs were forced to reporudce with thei relaitvives, this results in diseaes alleles being passed onto offpsirng ulitmaltey decreasing populatiom.

Question 4

Importance of genetic diveirtiaisty

Answer 4

Ensures survival of species against changes to the environment and allows evoultion to be contious

Question 5

What optimises the individulls chance of survivng to new change

Answer 5

having a larger gene pool

Question 6

Natural selection

Answer 6

when factors such as the enviornmrent act of a population causing change to genetic diveristy

Question 7

Sexual reproduction

Answer 7

the fusion of 2 gametes through fertilsiation

Question 8

In sexual reproduction, how does genetic varation occur

Answer 8

genetic varation occurs due to the meiosis of gametes in sexual reproduction

Question 9

What are reproductive strategies

Answer 9

adaptions to reproduce that improve the sucess of the sutvival of a specfies

Question 10

examples of organisms that use reproductive strategies and how explain!

Answer 10

Male statin bowers- have a glossy blue-blakc plumage and build a decorative bower to attract females—they use their bower as a courtship arena

Brown male Antechnius-They live only 11 months and die from stress and exhausation following a 2 week breeding

Angiosperms(flowering plants)- Offer nectar, scents, colours and petals to attract pollinators to deliever pollen to the stigma of the flower to allow fertilsation and seeds production

Question 11

what is internal fertilsiatoion

Answer 11

internal fertilsiation is where fertilisation occurs inside the body–this allows the young to be protected from predators

Question 12

types of internal fertilisation(sexual reproduction)

Answer 12

1. oviparity
2. ovoviviparity
3. viviparty

Question 13

oviparity

Answer 13

the fertiilsed eggs are laid outside the bodt and the egg recievevs nourishment form the yolk eg. fish and birds

Question 14

Ovoviviparity

Answer 14

The fertilised eggs are retained from the female and the embyro recieves nourishmetn from the yolk–when they hatch the young ones are fully developed

eg. lizards or snakes

Question 15

Viviparty

Answer 15

the young develops inside the mother and recives nourishmenet throuhg the placneta

eg. most mmammels and cartilagonious fihs

Question 16

evolution

Answer 16

a process that results in changes to genetic materila of a population over time

Question 17

what is external fertilisation strategies

Answer 17

fertilsiaton occurs outside the body usually in water when the female releases an egg and the male releaes sperm into the same envornmrent causing fusion by chance.

it occurs in fish frogs and starfish

Question 18

How are some gametees lost or destroyed

Answer 18

some gametes or lost or destroyed through predation

Question 19

Advantages VS disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 19

Advantages:
1.increases genetic diveristy of a population
2. greater chance of surviving new selection pressures such as disease
3. reduced chance of genetic disorders passed onto offspring

Disadvantages:
1. Time and energy to attract and find a mate
2. Tranferable disease due to sexual intercourse
3. Ineffiecnet due to many gametes not fertilsaied

Question 20

Asexual reproduction

Answer 20

a single parent produces offpsring idenitcal to themsleves without the fusion of gametes

occursin both unicelluar and multicelluar orgnaims eg. fungi plants and bacteria

Question 21

What are the 6 reproductive methods in asexual reproduction

Answer 21

1. Binary fission
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation
4. Vegegative propagation
5. sporogenisis
6. parthenongensis

Question 22

What is binary fission

Answer 22

A fast process that occurs in prokaytoes like bacteria where one parent cell divides into 2 identical daughte rcells and the cell duplicates and elongates

Question 23

Compare binary fission to mitosis

Answer 23

no spindle fibres or breaking down of nuclear memebrane in binary fission and mitosis takes a couple of daystheprocess whereas binary fission only takes a couple of minutes

Question 24

Budding

Answer 24

A new smaller individual is produced from the outgrowth of the parent organism

occurs in hydra and yeast–note that the new orgnaism produced is smaller from the origninal one

Question 25

Fragmentation

Answer 25

the breaking away of a piece of the parent organism to develop into a new and identical organism

eg. worms and sea staras

Question 26

Vegative propagation

Answer 26

where roots, leaves and other parts break away from the plant and regrow into a new plant without seeds.

Question 27

Sporogenisis what is, how are they easily spread, and what do they have they have the abilty to grow into

Answer 27

airborne mass asexuakreproduction of single structures that disperse in the surroudnings or these orgnaims

they are easily reproduced/ spread in moist and dark enviornremnts

spores have the abilty to grow into larger mutlicelluar organisms

occurs in bread

Question 28

Parthenongeniiss

Answer 28

occurs when female indivuvdald lay an egg that may of not been fertilsied but go on to develop into complete organisms due to mitotici divisions of the egg cell. eg.bees

Question 29

Advantages vs disavantages of asexual and sexaul reproduction

Answer 29

Advantages:
1. fast rate of reproduction and population increases in a short amount of time

2. no need to find a mate
3. does not require energy and time to take care of young

Disadvantages:
1. lack of genetic diveristy so suspectiabble to new selection pressures
2. clones are produced so diseases are passed onto offspring

Question 30

Compare asexual and sexual reproduction

Answer 30

1. sexual reproduction is the fusion of gametes to form a new organism whereas, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes
2. offpsring are geneticall diffenret to the parent in sexual whereas in asexuathey are genetical identical

3.proveis egentic diveritty in sexaul whreeas in aseuxal lacks genetic diveirist

4. time required to find a mate to care for young in sexual vs aseuxal has rapid reproduction

Question 31

NATURAL SELECTION IS THE MOST IMPORANT MECHANISM OF

Answer 31

EVOLUTION

Question 32

what does natural selection do

Answer 32

creates genetic diversity in a population

Question 33

genetic diverisyt is important in spciecies because

Answer 33

it is neessceaysr for evolution to take place

Question 34

genetic variation reproducing species occurs as a result of

Answer 34

mutation

Question 35

why does premature aging occur in cloning

Answer 35

telomerse shrink as organisms get older, but as the clones have the same chromsomes of an adult parent orgnaism, that parent organisms telomeres would already have shrunk as it is an adult and this clone produced is identical to that parent orgnaism so likewise its telomeres will alos shrink reulsting in premature aging and have rhe samelife exptenacyof ht eparne t organism

Question 36

advantages vs disavnatages of sexual reproduction

Answer 36

advantages:
1. more gentic diieryst
2. greaterchance ofsurivival if new sleection pressures are present
3.reduced genetic disorders are passed on

Disadvantages:
1. requrire smore time and energyto find a mate
2. dieases like stds
3. wastde gametes posisbly duirng external fertilsiation

Question 37

what is grafting

Answer 37

involves attaching the stem of one plant to the stem of another plant on an already developed root system

Question 38

how does grafting cause encomcicn beneift ot the farmers

Answer 38

less time for the plant to develop and produce fruit as the plant has a mature root system