Aspect of Culture

Question 1

Dynamics, flexibility and adaptable

Answer 1

Culture is __, meaning it is constantly evolving and changing over time. It responds to new ideas, experiences, and challenges. It is flexible in that different cultures may exhibit various beliefs, values, and practices, allowing for diversity within and across societies.

Question 2

Shared and contestability

Answer 2

Culture is shared among members of specific group or society. It provides a framework of shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices that help shape individuals behavior and perception.

Question 3

Socialization

Answer 3

__ is the process through which individuals acquire the skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values necessary to function as members of a society. It occurs through interactions with family, peers, educational, and institutions.

Question 4

Patterned social interaction

Answer 4

__ is the “mutual influence of two or more people on each other’s behavior and is the foundation of the whole social order. ___ can help us filter the parts of the culture that we learned so that we can identify what suits us and what does not

Question 5

exchange (five patterns of social interacton)

Answer 5

or social __ is the expectation that whenever we do something good , we will receive something good in returned

Question 6

competition (five patterns of social interacton)

Answer 6

may be viewed as the opposite of cooperation. instead of working together towards goal competing individual or groups battle to achieve the target that only one can have

Question 7

conflict (five patterns of social interacton)

Answer 7

arises when peaple disobey rules, control a person by force, or hurt other people just to achieve their goals

Question 8

cooperation (five patterns of social interacton)

Answer 8

is when people or groups of people work together to achieve a common goal,

Question 9

coercion (five patterns of social interacton)

Answer 9

happens when there is a use of threat or force in persuading others.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism

Answer 10

compares other cultures by using a group’s specific culture as the basis of that comparison, believing theirs to be superior and the standard to be used in comparison to other cultures.

Question 11

Cultural relativism

Answer 11

is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture. The goal of this is to promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture.

Question 12

Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

Answer 12

a complex interplay of biological changes, cultural adaptations, and social dynamics over millions of years. It involves the development of physiological features, cognitive abilities, and social structures that have shaped the trajectory of human history.

Question 13

Biological evolution

Answer 13

is the process of species change over generations, driven by natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation. Through these mechanisms, species adapt to their environments and develop new traits that enhance their survival and reproduction.

Question 14

Cultural evolution

Answer 14

involves the development and change of cultural practices, beliefs, and behaviors over time. It is driven by factors like innovation, diffusion, and social learning. This process enables societies to adapt, develop new technologies, institutions, and ideologies to cope with changing circumstances.

Question 15

Socio-political evolution

Answer 15

involves the development and transformation of social and political systems. It includes changes in power structures, governance, social hierarchies, and community organization. This evolution can happen through revolution, social movements, and the establishment of new forms of governance.

Question 16

Neolithic evolution

Answer 16

was a significant shift in human history, marked by the transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agricultural communities. This period saw the development of agriculture, domestication of plants and animals, and the establishment of permanent settlements. It led to surplus food production, division of labor, and the rise of complex social structures.

Question 17

Early civilization

Answer 17

emerged due to the Neolithic revolution, which brought about changes in species over generations. This evolution is driven by mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation. These mechanisms enable species to adapt to their environments and develop new traits that enhance their survival and reproduction.

Question 18

The rises of states

Answer 18

refers to the development of centralized political systems with defined territories, laws, and rulers. __ emerged as societies became more complex and required centralized authority to maintain order. This led to the formation of empires and the consolidation of power under rulers.

Question 19

Democratization

Answer 19

is the transition towards __ governance, with power vested in the people. It involves the establishment of __ institutions like elections, constitutions, and the rule of law. __ enables citizen participation, protects individual rights, and ensures accountability of political leaders.

Question 20

Identity Formation

Answer 20

__ refers to the process through which individuals develop a sense of self and establish their place within a society. These identities are enculturated through socialization processes, which involve learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and behaviors that are considered appropriate within a particular culture or society.

Question 21

Norms and Values

Answer 21

__ are specific rules and expectations that guide behavior within a society, and are essential for maintaining social order and cohesion. They are enculturated through socialization processes within the __ of society and they internalize these __ and values as they grow up.

Question 22

Statuses and Roles

Answer 22

__ refer to social positions and behaviors associated with them, with age and gender being important dimensions of social differentiation that are enculturated through passing of knowledge and societal expectations.

Question 23

Social Control

Answer 23

the way that the laws, norms, rules, and structures of society govern human behavior. It brings people together to enact various practices and behaviors that are favorable for them.
__ emerged in the late nineteenth century at roughly the same time as the establishment of American sociology, with Edward A. Ross being the main innovator of the concept.

Question 24

Gossip

Answer 24

is the informal sharing of information or rumors about other people’s personal lives, behavior, or affairs, often without their consent. It typically involves discussing details that may be private or sensitive, and it can spread rapidly within social circles.

Question 25

Social Ostracism

Answer 25

The exclusion or rejection of an individual or group by society or a social group. It involves deliberately ignoring, shunning, or excluding someone from social interactions, activities, or relationships.

Question 26

Law

Answer 26

stem of rules, regulations, and principles established by a governing authority to regulate behavior within a society or community. Laws are created to maintain order, resolve disputes, protect individual rights, and promote the common good.

Question 27

Punishment

Answer 27

the imposition of a penalty or consequence for violating a law, rule, or social norm. It is intended to deter individuals from engaging in prohibited behavior, promote compliance with societal standards, and uphold justice.

Question 28

Ritualism (How deviance impacts the society)

Answer 28

is a deviant behavior where individuals conform to societal norms without striving for success or advancement. It can lead to stagnation and a lack of innovation or progress in society.

Question 29

Innovation (How deviance impacts the society)

Answer 29

is deviance that challenges existing norms and traditions by introducing new ideas, practices, or technologies. It can drive progress, economic growth, and social transformation, but it can also disrupt established industries and social systems, leading to resistance and potential conflicts.

Question 30

Retreatism (How deviance impacts the society)

Answer 30

Involves withdrawing from society and its norms. It can have the following impacts: - it can lead to social isolation and sense of disconnection from mainstream culture. - it can serve as a critique of societal expectations and challenge existing norms.

Question 31

Rebellion (How deviance impacts the society)

Answer 31

Involves actively opposing and challenging social norms.it includes: - Positive impacts can include political revolution and social movements that bring about significant societal changes - Can ignite discussions and debates about social justice and change.

Question 32

Beliefs and Values

Answer 32

Ideas about what is true, important, or morally right.

Question 33

Norms

Answer 33

Social rules that guide behavior, including traditions, rituals, and etiquette.

Question 34

Language

Answer 34

The primary means of communication and transmission of culture.

Question 35

Symbols

Answer 35

Objects, signs, or actions that have specific meanings within a culture.

Question 36

Customs and Traditions

Answer 36

Practices passed down through generations, such as holidays, ceremonies, and festivals.

Question 37

Art and Literature

Answer 37

Creative expressions like music, painting, storytelling, and writing that reflect and shape cultural identity.

Question 38

Technology and Tools

Answer 38

The innovations and artifacts created by a society.

Question 39

Social Institutions

Answer 39

Structures like family, religion, education, and government that organize and influence cultural practices.

Question 40

Material Culture

Answer 40

Physical objects and technology created by a society.

Question 41

Non-Material Culture

Answer 41

Intangible aspects, such as values, norms, and ideologies.

Question 42

Culture

Answer 42

learned patterns of perception, values, and behaviors, shared by a group of people, that are dynamic and heterogeneous.

Question 43

Culture

Answer 43

refers to the shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It encompasses the ways people live, communicate, interact, and express themselves, shaping their identity and worldview.

Question 44

Culture

Answer 44

influences everything from daily routines and traditions to art, language, and social structures.

Question 45

Social science

Answer 45

Studies the society and the manner in which people behave and influence the world around us. ►Goal: to answer different questions and find solutions to problems of the society to improve human condition despite cultural, social and political differences.

Question 46

Political Science

Answer 46

is part of Social Science that deals with the study of politics, power and government. In returns, politics refers to "the process of making collective decisions in the community, society, or group through the application of influence and power.

Question 47

Social Science

Answer 47

*A branch of science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

Question 48

August Comte

Answer 48

* Considered to be the founder father of sociology

Question 49

Anthropology

Answer 49

is distinct from other social and behavioral sciences because it is holistic in its approach in regard to humanity.

Question 50

Anthropology

Answer 50

studying __ is important because it gives people an avenue to know who they are as a social beings and understand why they behave the way they do.

Question 51

Benefit of having knowledge on the study of culture, society and politics

Answer 51

* It is important because it prepares people for active and responsible civic engagement.

Question 52

change

Answer 52

* According to Heraclitus, "nothing is permanent except __

Question 53

political change

Answer 53

* When there is a shift from one government to another, or from one policy to another from different administration, that is called

Question 54

cultural change

Answer 54

* If the shift is from one fashion to another, or from one language to another, that is called

Question 55

social change.

Answer 55

On the other hand, when the shift comes from one platform to another, example face to face to virtual or social media platform, that is called

Question 56

dynamic, flexible culture

Answer 56

* It means culture fosters resilience and enables societies to respond to change.

Question 57

adoptive culture mean?

Answer 57

* Another characteristics of culture is it defines situation, and shapes individual's perception and guides action.

Question 58

Charles Darwin

Answer 58

an agnostic

Question 59

Charles Darwin

Answer 59

* later in life he clarified his position as an agnostic in response to a letter from John Fordyce:

Question 59

Charles Darwin

Answer 59

* a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena; a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.

Question 60

Charles Darwin

Answer 60

"In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. - I think that generally (& more and more so as I grow older) but not always, that an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind."[1]

Question 61

Charles Darwin

Answer 61

Known for his theory of evolution through natural selection.

Question 62

William Sumner

Answer 62

*The coined the term ethnocentrism which served as a foundation in social analysis of every culture.

Question 63

Culture Shock

Answer 63

*Is the feeling of stress and anxiety most people experience when encountering a culture different from their own.

Question 64

Socialization

Answer 64

*Is the process of learning culture and internalizing norms and values.

Question 65

Socialization

Answer 65

* It contributes to the development of an individual's self concept by exposing the individual to a variety of perspective and experiences.

Question 66

* Norms

Answer 66

the society's standard of acceptable behavior.

Question 67

Taboos

Answer 67

are actions that are prohibited for being contrary to beliefs, norms or standard of morality.

Question 68

Deviance

Answer 68

is a behavior that violates expected rules and norms.

Question 69

Franz Boas

Answer 69

a German-American anthropologist, established cultural relativism as an analytical tool in the early 20th century.

Question 70

Erving Goffman

Answer 70

was a sociologist who created a new field of study called microsociology, or __.

Question 71

Socialization

Answer 71

is the process by which we act and react to those around us..

Question 72

Enculturation

Answer 72

__ is the process of internalizing and adopting the culture norms, values, and practices of one's own culture. It shapes individual's identity, beliefs, and behavior, ensuring that they fit into the cultural framework of their society.

Question 73

Ethnocentrism

Answer 73

__, derived from Greek words "ethnos" meaning nation and "kentron" meaning center, was popularized by Polish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz in the 19th century, similar to geocentrism and anthropocentrism. It refers to the belief that each group holds the highest point.