Assessing Abdomen

Question 1

a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen

Answer 1

Ascites

Question 2

Abdominal Girth

Answer 2

Normal Finding: 80 cm

Question 3

inserts two fingers into the vagina and then places pressure with the other hand to the lower part of the belly.

Answer 3

Bimanual Technique

Question 4

Three layers of muscles

Answer 4

External abdominal oblique - outermost layer
Internal Abdominal Oblique - middle layer
Transverse Abdominis - innermost layer

Question 5

Vertical muscle of the abdominal wall

Answer 5

Rectus abdominis

Question 6

Oponeuroses at the midline of the abdomen forms a white line

Answer 6

Linea alba

Question 7

The largest solid organ in the body
(T12 to L3 vertebrae)

Answer 7

Liver (RUQ and extended to the MCL)

Question 8

Functions of Liver

Answer 8

-glucose storage
-formation of blood plasma protein and clotting factors
-urea synthesis
-destruction of red blood cells
-storage of iron and vitamins
-detoxification
-filtration and elimination of metabolic waste products
- blood pressure control and maintenance of water, salt, and electrolytes balances

Question 9

Located behind the stomach deep in the upper stomach
Functions: endocrine gland and accessory organ of digestion
RUQ to the LUQ

Answer 9

Pancreas

Question 10

Approximately 7cm wide and located above the left kidney just below the diaphram at the level of the ninth, and elevent ribs
Functions: filter the blood of cellular debris, to digest microorganisms and to return the breakdown products to the liver

Answer 10

Spleen

Question 11

It is a distensible, flask-like organ located in the LUQ just below the diaphram and between the lever and spleen

Answer 11

Abdominal cavity

Question 12

Store churn, and digest food

Answer 12

Stomach

Question 13

A muscular sac approximately 10 cm long,
Function: concentrate and store the bile needed to digest fat

Answer 13

Gallbladder

Question 14

Longest portion of the digestive tract ( 7.0m long)
Function: digestion and absorption of nutrients

Answer 14

Small intestine

Question 15

Three major sections of color or large intestine

Answer 15

Ascending: right side of the abdomen
Transverse: across upper abdomen
Decending: left side of the abdomen

Question 16

Toward the the midline

Answer 16

Sigmoid colon

Question 17

Secrete large amount of alkaline mucus to lubricate the intestine and nuetralize acids formed by the intestinal bacteria

Question 18

Temporary receptacle for urine, palpated in the abdomen above the symphysis pubis

Answer 18

Urinary bladder

Question 19

Character
Onset
Location
Duration
Sevirity
Pattern
Associated factors

Answer 19

cOLDSPA

Question 20

Occurs when spicific digestive organs or structures are afected by chemical or mechanical

Answer 20

Abdominal pain

Question 21

Often described as heartburn

Answer 21

Ingestion (pyrosis)

Question 22

Reflect gastric dysfunction and is also associated with many digestive disorders and diseases

Answer 22

Nausea

Question 23

Anorexia

Answer 23

Loss of appetite

Question 24

Older adult clients may experience a decline in appetite from various factors such as altered metabolism, decrease taste sensation, decrease d mobilityand possibly depression. If appetite declines, the client’s risk for nutritional imbalance incrases

Question 25

Decrese in the frequency of bowel movement

Answer 25

Constipation

Question 26

Frequency of bowel movements producing unformed or liquid stools

Answer 26

Diarrhea

Question 27

Older adult client are especially at risk for potential complication with diarrhea- such as fluid volume deficit, dehydration, and electrolyte and acid base imbalances - because they have higher fat-to-lean muscle ratio

Question 28

Older adult client are prone to UTIs because the activity of protective bacteria in the urinary tract decline with age

Question 29

Occurs when hollow abdominal organ- become disteneded or contract focefully

Answer 29

Visceral pain

Question 30

Occurs when the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed

Answer 30

Parietal pain

Question 31

Occurs at distant sites that are innervated at approximately the same level as the distrupted abdominal organ

Answer 31

Reffered pain

Question 32

Epigastric pain

Answer 32

Stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, billary tree, and lever

Question 33

Appendex pain

Answer 33

Periumbilical area to RLQ

Question 34

Suprapubic pain

Answer 34

Rectum, colon, bladder or prostate

Question 35

Periumbilical pain

Answer 35

Small bowel, appendix, proximal colon

Question 36

Auscultate after you inspect so as not alter the client' pattern of bowel sound. Percussion then palpation follow ascultation

Answer 36

Sequence for Assessment of the abdomen

Question 37

Abdominal assessment position is supine with arm folded across the chest or resting by the sides

Question 38

Raising arms above the head or folding them behind the head will tense the abdominal muscle

Question 39

A flat pillow may be placed under the client's head for comfort. Slightly flex the client's legs by placing a pillow or rolled blanket under the client's knees to help relax the abdominal muscles

Question 40

Instruct client to breath through the mounth and to take slow, deep breath, this promotes relaxation

Question 41

Inspection- abdominal skin, umbilicus, aortic pulsation and peristaltic waves Auscultation- bowel sound Light palpation- superficial bulges ir pulsation Percussion & deep palpation- abdomen and abdominal organ

Question 42

Purple discoloration (Grey Tuner Sign)

Answer 42

Indicates bleeding within the abdominal wall, prossibly from trauma to the kidneys, pancreas, or duodenum or from pancreatis

Question 43

Pale, taut skin may be seen with ascites

Answer 43

Ascite- significant abdominal swelling indicating fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

Question 44

Redness may indicate inflammation

Question 45

Note the vascularity of the abdominal skin

Answer 45

Normal: scattered fine veins Abnormal: dilated veins may be seen cirrhosisnof of the liver, obstruction of the inferior vena cava, portal hypertention, or ascites

Question 46

Spider angioma may be seen with liver disease or portal hypertention

Question 47

Note any striae (stretch mark)

Answer 47

Normal: pink or bluish in color; old striae are silvery, white, linear, and uneven stretch marks from past pregnancies or weight gain Abnormal: dark bluish pink striae are associated with cushing syndrome

Question 48

Inspect scars

Answer 48

Normal: pale smooth, minimally raised old scars may be seen Abnormal: nonhealing wound, redness, inflammation

Question 49

Dilated superficial capillaries without a pattern may be seen in older clients. They are more visible in sunlight

Question 50

Keloids (excess scar tissue) result from trauma or surgery and are more common in african American and Asian

Question 51

Assessment for lession and rashes

Answer 51

Normal: abdomen is free of lesions or rashes Abnormal: changes in moles including size, color and border symmetry. Bleeding moles or petechiae reddish or purpule lesion

Question 52

Inspect the umbilicus

Answer 52

Normal: umbilical skin tones are similar to surrounding abdominal skin tones even pinkish Abnormal: cullen's sign - bluish or purple discoloration arround the umbilicus (periumbilical ecchymosis) indicates intra-abdominal bleeding Grey turner sign - bluish of purplish discoloration on the abdominal flaks.

Question 53

Purple discoloration at the flanks indicates bleeding within the abdominal wall, possibly from trauma to the kidneys, pancreas, or duodenum or from pancreatitis.

Answer 53

Grey-Turner sign

Question 54

Instruct the client to breathe through the mouth and to take slow, deep breaths. This promotes relaxation.

Question 55

inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation

Question 56

• Abdominal edema, or swelling, signifying ascites • Abdominal masses, signifying abnormal growths or constipation • Unusual pulsations such as those seen with an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta • Pain associated with appendicitis.

Question 57

Observe the coloration of the skin.

Answer 57

Normal Findings: -Abdominal skin may be paler Abnormal Findings: -Purple discoloration at the flanks -yellow hue of jaundice may be more apparent on the abdomen. -Redness may indicate inflammation. -Bruises or areas of local discoloration

Question 58

Note the vascularity of the abdominal skin.

Answer 58

Normal: -Scattered fine veins may be visible Abnormal : -Dilated veins may be seen with cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of the inferior vena cava, portal hypertension, or ascites.