assessment 1 Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
What is biology?
A
The study of living things
2
Q
where can living things be found?
A
everywhere
3
Q
Why do we study biology?
A
you will learn to think and behave like a scientist and you will explore a topics and issues that impact upon our lives and the world around us
4
Q
what is cell biology?
A
divisions in the biological sciences are based on degrees of complexity
5
Q
biochemistry and biophysics
A
The study of structures and behaviors of molecules
6
Q
microbiology
A
Study of prokaryotic cells and viruses
7
Q
cell biology
A
Study of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells
8
Q
developmental biology
A
Study of how communities of cells form tissues, organs and build an organism
9
Q
anatomy and physiology
A
Study of the structures and functions of tissues and organs
10
Q
zoology and plant biology
A
Study of the organisms
11
Q
ecology
A
Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments
12
Q
levels of biological complexity 
A
1.bio chemistry and biophysics 2.microbiology 3.cell biog4.developmental biology5.anatomy and physiology6.zoology and tag biology7.ecology
13
Q
what is cell biology?
A
The sub discipline of biology that studies the basic unit of life, the cell. It deals with all aspects of the cell including cell anatomy, cell division (mitosis and meosis), and cell processes such as cell respiration and cell death. It doesn’t stand along as a discipline but is closely related to other areas of biology like genetics, molecular biology and bio chemistry
14
Q
why study cell biology?
A
so biology is interesting. Understanding how individual cell works allows us to understand complex multicellular organisms. Cell biology critical for understanding human disease and treatment
15
Q
mitosis
A
The process by which most cells in the body divide
16
Q
meiosis
A
The process by which gametes are produced
17
Q
what’s interesting about cell biology?
A
there is so much that is not understood. Cells are a complex system in and of themeselves. When you add to an individual cell its environment, whether that is the single cell organism or multicellular, there is a complex web reactions. One organism, likely: human, can have the same genetic material in every cell, yet, there are over 200 types of cells in the human, that are different shapes, sizes and carry out every different function. And all of these cells were developed from one. Complexity.
18
Q
complexity 
A
1.Inter-relations of cells 2.intra -relations of cells 3. The cell on its environment 4. Its ability to live & reproduce 5.Its ability to grow & change 6.It is what makes up you &the food you eat
19
Q
The human can have…
A
The same genetic material in every cell.
20
Q
there are over… types of Cells in the human
A
200
21
Q
what is life and how do I know that you are LIVING?
A
1.organization 2.acquire and transform materials and energy 3.homeostasis 4.responsd to stimuli 5.grow, develop & reproduce 6.adapt and evolve
22
Q
homeostasis
A
The ability to keep internal consistency 
23
Q
stimuli
A
A thing or event that provokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissues
24
Q
Life is organized: what are both living and nonliving things composed of?
A
molecules made from chemical elements such as C , H , Oand N
25
The organization of molecules into cells is one of the features that…
distinguishes little things from all other matter
26
levels of biological organization extend from…
within the individual organism to the biosphere in a sequence of increasing complexity (structures within structures)
27
biological organization
Organization within the individual cell increasing complexity to biosphere
28
example of biological organization
{atoms ->molecular ->cells -> tissues ->organs ->organ system->organisms} - increasing complexity
29
cells
Basic units of structure and function
| smallest living ynit of the body
30
tissues
Group of similar cells cemented together working to perform a specific function
31
Organs
A group of tissues working together (cooperative union) to perform a specific function
32
organ system
several different group of organs working together to perform a specific major bodily function
33
organism
A complete and entire living ( total of all organ systems working together)
34
molecular
molecules are made of atoms covalently bonded together
35
Atoms
smallest stable unit of matter(nonliving)
36
unicellular
Single celled, lacks shoes, organs and organ system but it's still a complete entire living thing
37
Amoeba
Single animal cell it feeds by wrapping itself around food
38
Life requires energy: living systems acquire and use...
Energy to maintain their highly organized state
39
Energy is used in…
metabolism of the organism
40
metabolism
The biochemical reactions that acquire and use energy
41
anabolism
reactions that make new substances buildup/synthesize (making ~ chmically)
42
catobalism
reactions that break down substances/degrade
43
The energy is acquired from…
nutrition -> food
44
according to the modem mutation living things are classified to…
autotroph and heterotrophs
45
autotrophs
make its own food e.ggreen plants
46
heterotroph
cannot make its own food(animal)
47
chlorophil (photosynthesis)
CO2 +H2O ->energy -> C6 H 12O6+ O2
48
photosynthesis
light energy is converted to chemical glucose energy & energy is found in the bonds of the compound
49
living things must maintain homeostasis
living things must maintain their separation from the non-living world. For metabolic processes to function normally, living things need to keep themselves stable in temperature, moisture level, chemistry, etc.
50
homeostasis
The Ability to maintain chemical constancy (to stay the same)
51
living things react to environment change or respond to stimuli:
behavior :moves toward or away from stimuli. change in metabolism change and develop
52
to know the disease we have to know..
what's normal cause disease is the diversion from notmality
53
living things grow, develop and reproduce:
vital if a population of organism is to survive more than 1 generation
54
instructions for growth and development are encoded in…
genes
55
Living things adapt: what is adaptation
an inherited a characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to live and successfully reproduce in a given environment
56
Life can adapt to a wide range of…
environmental condition
57
adaptations/modifications accumulate in a...
population of organisms when individuals with these traits are more likely to reproduce than others
58
The unity of life or common features of living organisms
organisms are made of cells, routinely repair and replace cells and tissues, have metobalic and homeostatic process, share a common molecular basis of inheritance
59
In 1839, a German zoologist named… Concluded that all animals were made of…
Theodore Schwann, cells
60
Who confounded the cell theory
schwaan
61
in 1855 a German medical doctor named… Observed under the microscope…
Rudolph virchow, cells dividing
62
what did Rudolph vurchow reason
that all sells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
63
cell theory: all living things are made of…
cells
64
cell theory: cells are the basic unit of ...
structure and function in an organism basic unit of life
65
Cell theory: cells come from the…
reproduction of existing cells cell division
66
not all cells are… Even cells within the… organization Show enormous… In size shape and internal organization
alike, same, diversity
67
your body contains at least… Different types of cells
200
68
cell diversity
size, shape, internal organization
69
1665
Robert Hooke – used a microscope to the examine a thin slice of cork
70
1673
leeuwenhoek -Dutch microscope maker, first to view organisms
71
1838
Matthias schleidan – German botanist, plants are made of cells, cofounder of the cell theory
72
what did Robert Hook see?
small boxes
73
hook is responsible for… Hooke called them cells because they looked…
naming cells, the small rooms that monks lived in called cells
74
Leeuwenhoek used a…
simple, handheld microscope to view pond water and scraping from his teeth
75
Cell size
A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by unaided eye
76
The female egg
The largest cell in the body and can be seen without the aid of a microscope
77
most cells are visible only with a…
microscope: microscopic
78
electron microscope smallest to largest
lipids, small molecules, proteins, 12 phage, chloroplast,most bacteria, plant and animal cells, fish egg
79
light microscope smallest to largest
chloroplast, most bacteria, plant and animal cells, fish egg
80
what can be seen by the unaided eye?
| largest to smallest
Fish egg, hummingbird, human, great blue whale, giant red wood tree
81
cell shape
cells come in variety of shapes. This diversity of form reflects a diversity of function
82
cell shape: most cells have a ..
specific shape
83
The shape of a cell depends on its…
 function
84
cells of the nervous system that carry information from your toes to your brain are…
Long and thread like
85
blood cells are shaped like…
round disc that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels
86
Basic features of cell membrane: plasma membrane or cell membrane
The boundary between the cell and its environment
87
The plasma membrane…
Isolates the cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell and allows for interaction with other cells
88
genetic material: nucleus or nucleoid
each cell contains genetic material DNA which stores instructions for how the cell structure and function
89
where is genetic material found in eukaryotes
within a membrane bound nucleus
90
where is genetic material found in prokaryotes
Concentrated DNA molecule called a nucleoid Not surrounded by Membrane may have more than one copy of DNA molecule
91
cytoplasm
The fluid matrix (cytosol)inthe plasma membrane in which everything else in the cell like internal membrane particles & membrane bounded structures (organelles)are suspended
92
A cell cant survive if it's totally…
isolated from its environment
93
selectively permeable membrane
regulates what passes into and out of the cell
94
what is the cell membrane made of
thin layer of lipid and protein
95
The cell membrane controls the…which is why the cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable
ease with which substances pass into and out of the cell some substances easily across the membrane, while others cannot cross at all
96
everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the…
cell's cytoplasm
97
cytoplasm consists of…
two main components: cytosol and organelles
98
cytosol is a…
Jellylike mixture that consists of mostly water, along with proteins, carbohydrates, salts, minerals and organic molecules
99
Nucleus
A large organelle near the center of the cell
100
what does the nucleus contain
The cells genetic information and controls activities of the cell
101
The nucleus is often…
The most prominent structure within a eukaryotic cell
102
the nucleus maintains its ..
shape with the help of a protein skeleton known as the nuclear matrix
103
what's the function of the nucleus
it's the control center or brain of the cell
104
most cells have a…
Single nucleus some cells have more than
105
The nucleus is surrounded by a…
double layered membrane called the nuclear envelope
106
what's the nuclear envelope
covered with many small pores through which proteins and chemical messages from the nucleus can pass
107
The nucleus contains… Which is the…
DNA, hereditary material of cells
108
DNA is in the form of…
Long strand called chromatin
109
during cell division chromatin strands…
coil and condenses into thick structures called chromosomes
110
How many nucleolus (pl.nucleoli) do most nuclei contain
at least one
111
what does the nucleolus do
makes or synthesizes ribosomes which build proteins
112
where is the nucleolus located
in the nucleus
113
The nucleus is… Than nucleolus
bigger
114
what's the difference in components with the nucleus and the nucleolus 
nucleus has a DNA you nucleolus has RNA
115
The nucleus has a… But the nucleolus doesn't
membrane
116
what's important for classifying cells
The presence or absence of a nucleus 
117
eukaryotes
organisms who sell contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
118
prokaryotes
organisms whose cells never contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
119
prokaryotes example
unicellular organism such as bacteria and their relatives
120
all other organisms that aren't unicellular like bacteria are...
eukaryotes, plants, fish, mammals, insects and humans
121
The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is isuch an important distinction that…
prokaryotes are classified in a kingdom separate from eukaryotes
122
prokaryotes are… Than eukaryotes
smaller
123
prokaryotes have… And eukaryotes dont
cell wall
124
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have…
Cell membrane
125
features of prokaryotic cells
generally very small and relatively simple
126
external features of prokaryotic cells
The plasma membrane which may have infoldings called mesosomes
127
external features of a prokaryotic cell: wall is…
rigid composed of a unique substance found only in the walls of prokaryotes called peptidoglycan (absent in archaebacteria)
128
external features of prokaryotic cells: cell wall may secrete…
slime sheath or capsule to protect
129
external features of prokaryotic cells: may have…
motile structures called flagella(differnt from eukaryotic cell flagella)
130
external features of prokaryotic cells: some have…
tiny projections called pili which help attract bacteria services
131
interior of a prokaryotic cell: concentrate…
DNA molecule circular called a nucleoid not surrounded by membranes may have more than 1 copy of the DNA molecule
132
interior of prokaryotic cells: may have…
plasmids independent DNA fragment that carry a specific piece of genetic information
133
plasmids can be…
transmitted from one bacterium to another or from the environment to bacterium
134
interior of prokaryotic cells::
cytoplasm, ribosomes composed of RNA and proteins, no inter-membrane bonded structure or organelles
135
what's the  unique substance that makes the walls of prokaryotic cells?
peptidoglycan
136
which prokaryotic cells lack peptidoglycan
archaebacteria
137
what are the tiny projections that help attach bacteria to surface is called
pili
138
prokaryotes have
Nucleoid, plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes composed of RNA proteins, no inter-membrane bonding structure
139
features of eukaryotic cell: have a…
System of internal membrane bounded structures called organelles
140
features of eukaryotic cell: nucleus bounded by…
nuclear envelope
141
what organelles are suspended in eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm or cytosol
142
eukaryotic cells have greater…
efficiency for cell activities
143
what's suspended in the cytosol in eukaryotic cells
organelles
144
what are organelles in eukaryotic cells
structures that work like miniature organs, they carry out specific functions in the cell
145
where are mitochondria found
scattered throughout the cytosol and are relatively large organelles
146
mitochondria are the sites of…
Chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP
147
mitochondria:energy contain in food is…
released then converted to ATP
148
what's ATP
The molecule that most cells use as their main energy currency
149
mitochondria is known as the…
powerhouse of the cell
150
mitochondria are usually more numerous in…
cells that have a high energy requirement
151
what organ in your body contains a large number of mitochondria
 muscles
152
The number of mitochondria the cell depends on…
activity of the cell
153
ADP abbreviation
adenosine diphosphate
154
ATP abbreviation
adenosine triphosphate
155
mitochondria is surrounded by…
two membranes
156
mitochondria: the smoother outer membrane…
serves as a boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol
157
mitochondria: the inner membrane has many…
Long folds known as cristae
158
mitochondria: Cristae
greatly increases the surface area of the inner membrane, providing more space for the chemical reactions to occur
159
mitochondria have their own…
DNA and new mitochondria rise only when existing ones grow and divide
160
Cellular respiration
ATP production
161
some people have….
hypothecy that it's a prokaryotic cell injected in the eukaryotic cells
162
The endoplasmic reticulum is a…
System of membranes tubules and sacs
163
The ER functions primarily as an..
intercellular highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another
164
The amount of ER inside a cell…
fluctuate depending on the cells activity
165
ER is an extensive…
network of membranes that connect the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane
166
ER can be…
Rough or smooth
167
Rough ER is…
studded with ribosomes and processes proteins to be exported from the cell
168
smooth ER is..
not covered with ribosomes and processes lipids and carbohydrates
169
the smooth ER is involved in the…
synthesis of steroids & gland cells, the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells & the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells
170
cistrae is in… And cisternae is in…
mitochondria, golgi apparatus
171
The Golgi apparatus is the..
processing, packaging and secreting organelle of the cell
172
The Golgi apparatus is a system of…
membranes made of flattened sacs like structures called cisternae
173
Golgi apparatus works closely with the..
ER the Golgi apparatus modifies proteins for export by the cell
174
lysosomes are…
small spherical organelles that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within a single membrane
175
lysosomes are the site of…
food digestion in the cell
176
lysosomes are formed from…
pieces of the Golgi apparatus that break off
177
lysosomes are common in the…
cells and animal call maysam guy, process but rare in plant cells
178
An animal cell needs…
Structures to maintain its shape and size: cytoskeleton
179
Cytoskeleton
in animal cells, an internal framework maintains the shape of the cell
180
The cytoskeleton maintains the…
3-D structure of the cell, participate in the movement of organelles within the cytosol and helps the cell move
181
The cytoskeleton is a network of…
Long protein strands located in the side of soul that are not surrounded by a membrane
182
The cytoskeleton consists of 2 types of structures:
microfilaments and microtubules
183
Microfilaments or NOT…
hallow and have a structure that resembles rope made of 2 twisted chains of protein called Actin
184
microfilaments can…
contract causing movement
185
Which cells have many Microfilaments
muscle cells
186
Microtubules are…
Hallow tubes like plumbing pipes the largest strands of the cytoskeleton
187
microtubules are made of a…
protein called tubulin
188
Cilia and flagella are…
hair like organelles that extend from the surface of the cell where they assist in movement
189
cilia are ..
short hair-like projections
190
Flagella are...
Long whip like projections
191
Cilia and flagella of the eukaryotes consist of…
One pair of microtubules surrounded by nine more pairs
192
Cilia are often…
numerous
193
Flagella are often…
Singular
194
Unicellular organisms such as… Move through water
paramecium euglena use cilia and flagella
195
Sperm use…
flagella to swim to the egg
196
In humans, beating…
cilia line parts of the respiratory system moving dust particles and bacteria away from the lungs
197
scientists have identified more than… But estimate… Species inhabit the earth
2 million species of organisms, 40 million
198
scientists estimate that there may be… And an… Yet undiscovered
Millions of species in the tropical rainforest, unspecified number living in the oceans
199
organisms were first classified more than… By…
2000 years ago, Greek philosopher named Aristotle
200
Aristotle classify living things as either… Or…
Plant or animal
201
Aristotle groups animals into… And…
water dwellers and air dwellers
202
Aristotle group plants into three categories based on…
differences in their stems
203
carl von linne (Carlos Linnaeus) 
mid 1700s Swedish biologist established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms
204
what did Linnaeus develop?
A hierarchy for classifying organisms that is the basis for modern taxonomy
205
Linnaeus used… Which is the form and structure to categorize it
morphology
206
which system of Linnaeus is still being used today?
morphology
207
Linnaeus establish a system of groups called
taxa (taxon)
208
example of classification:classify Lynx rufus(cat)
Kingdom: and Amelia, phylum: Cordata, class: Amelia, Order: carnivora, Family: felidae, genus: Lynx,
species: rufus
209
Example of classification: Panthera Leo (lion)
Kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Cordata, class: Mammalia, order:carnivora, Family: Felidae, genus: Panthera, species: leo
210
example of classification: Coperinus comatus (mushrroms)
Kingdom: fungi, phylum: basidiomycola, class: homobadidiomycelae, order: Agaricales, Family: copticacae, genus: coprinus , species: comatus
211
Classification in order
Kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species
212
Kingdom fungi (mycetae) 
100,000 species, eukaryotic have organelles, either unicellular or multicellular, saprophytic or parasitic, referred you sexually or asexually, cell walls made of chitin
213
As modern times developed in the 15th and 16th centuries Aristotle system was…
Inadequate
214
using… For an organism presented its own problems
common names
215
What are the two problems that common names created?
they varied from 1 locale to the next & may not describe species accurately
216
Each… Is a catogary into which related organisms are placed
taxon
217
Finesse used Latin names for the…
taxa
218
why did Linnaeus use Latin for taxa?
it was the language of educated people and not an every day language likely to change
219
examples of classification: humans or Homo sapiens
Kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Chordata, sub phylum: Vertebrata, class: mammalia, sub class: placantalia, order: primates, family: hominidae, genus: homo, species: sapiens
220
The genus should be written in… While the species should be writen in…
uppercase ; lowercase (underlined or italics)
221
how will an organism be referred to?
genus name will be abbreviated to a single letter (e.g B. cerus)
222
what's the third name sometimes given using the linnaeun classifactoon system
subspecies or strain name which usually differ in only minor character
223
Kingdom Protista: (protoctista)
organism that lacks tissue, unicellular protozoan, algae unicellular, thread filamentous
224
The kingdom Protista has a… Means of nutrition 
Variety
225
Kingdom Protista reproduction
sexually or asexually but don't develop from embryo
226
Kingdom planate
250,000 species, multicellular eukaryotic cells, photosynthetic autotrophs, cells secrete a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane (cellulose), sexual and asexual reproduction, developembryo
227
Kingdom Animalia
1M species, eukaryotic cells & are multicellular, cells lack cell walls, at some stage of development capable of movement, sexual reproduction & develop from embryo, heterotrophic 
228
Viruses are always mistaken and included in
the kingdom Monera, consist of nucleic acids proteins and usually a little lipid
229
Viruses have no capacity to carry out…
Biochemical reactions necessary for life
230
what do viruses do to survive?
invade and take other cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic
231
How do viruses reproduce
using biochemical systems of that cell for their own designs
232
What are viruses specific about?
species they will infect & which cells in the organisms they can reroduce in 
233
viruses that infect bacteria are referred to as…
phages: also specific about the species will attack & utilize for reproduction
234
phages example
phage that infect cells of species is wscherichia coli usually won't infect cells of bacillus cereus
