Assessment 1

Question 1

• any dietary element or compound that supports normal production, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes

Answer 1

Nutrient

Question 2

is considered to be a nutrient, although for domestic animals it doesn’t totally fit the definition of a nutrient because it’s not generally required in the diet (food) but is usually consumed separately.

Answer 2

water

Question 3

are large molecules composed of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

-contain hydrogen and oxygen in the proportions found in water
- are the basic energy source of almost all animal life.

Answer 4

carbohydrates

Question 5

• is the compound used in animal metabolism as the energy source for biochemical reactions
• animals are not capable of converting all of the available energy in carbohydrates to ATP, with a large part of the energy lost as heat

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

as these constituents of plant and animal tissue that are soluble organic solvents like diethyl ether

Answer 6

lipids

Question 7

-are required in relatively large quantities
- calcium, phosphorus and magnesium examples of these and are major components of the skeletal system and thus function in a structural role

Answer 7

macro-elements

Question 8

are required in very small amounts

Answer 8

trace elements

Question 9

can be classified into 2 groups
1. fat-soluble vitamins
2. water-soluble vitamins

Answer 9

vitamins (vial amine)

Question 10

are vitamin A (retinol), vitamin D (cholecalciferol), vitamin E (a-tocopherol) and vitamin K (phylloqulnone)

Answer 10

fat-soluble vitamins

Question 11

are vitamin C (ascoric acid) and members of the vitamin B-complex group

Answer 11

water-soluble vitamins

Question 12

are organic catalysts. catalysts are substances that accelerate chemical reactions

Answer 12

enzymes

Question 13

• refers to the constancy of the internal environment, whereby cellular metabolism is regulated to attempt to maintain a steady-state condition
• an example is glucose

Answer 13

homeostasis

Question 14

substances that are produced in one tissue (a gland) and transported to a target tissue, with their production or release regulated by positive or negative feedback inhibition

Answer 14

hormones

Question 15

refers to the breakdown or oxidation of fuels

Answer 15

catabolism

Question 16

refers to the synthetic reactions that build up tissues (e.g. protein synthesis)

Answer 16

anabolism

Question 17

is the orchestrated or coordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state

Answer 17

homeorhesis

Question 18

what are the 6 classifications of nutrients

Answer 18

1. proteins (amino acids)
2. carbohydrates (sugars, starches, fibers)
3. lipids (fats and oils)
4. minerals
5. vitamins (fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins)
6. water

Question 19

compared to other physical sciences, why do we not consider “nutrition” as an exact science?

Answer 19

each biological organism is different and requires different things

Question 20

nutrients that must be included in the diet (limited or no synthesis)

Answer 20

dietary essential nutrients

Question 21

nutrients that can be synthesized by the animal in adequate quantities, provided precursors are available

Answer 21

dietary non-essential nutrients

Question 22

are essential and non essential nutrients mutually exclusive of each other?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

what are examples of macro elements

Answer 23

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, and sulfur

Question 24

what are examples trace elements?

Answer 24

manganese, zinc, iron, copper, molybdenum, selenium, iodine, cobalt, and chromium

Question 25

does body composition influence how we formulate diets for animals (and humans)?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

can all animals (including humans) use the same dietary nutrient sources?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

is water that is produced when carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids are catabolized to carbon dioxide and water

Answer 27

metabolic water

Question 28

not soluble in water (non polar)

Answer 28

hydrophobic

Question 29

soluble in water (polar)

Answer 29

hydrophilic

Question 30

what are the primary routes of water loss

Answer 30

1. urine 2. feces 3. respiration 4. evaporation (or sweating) 5. lactation

Question 31

what are the factors that impact water retention

Answer 31

1. dry matter intake 2. heat load (environment) 3. body composition 4. activity and production (type and level; such as lactation, breeding, etc.) 5. action of internal systems

Question 32

primary "regulatory" compounds within the body

Answer 32

electrolytes

Question 33

refers to the movement of water across membranes as determined by concentration gradients

Answer 33

osmolarity

Question 34

how does osmolality affect water movement within the body?

Answer 34

water flows from a compartment of low osmolality to a compartment with high molality

Question 35

what are the primary "electrolytes" involved with water movements

Answer 35

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl)

Question 36

Why do we mention "electrolytes" when discussing water requirements and movement

Answer 36

electrolytes cannot readily penetrate all cellular membranes and therefore lead to concentration gradients which form osmotic gradients

Question 37

Are all carbohydrates created equal?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

compare/contrast monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Answer 38

monosaccharides: simple sugars disaccharides: 2 bonded sugars polysaccharides: >3 bonded sugars

Question 39

what's the most common carbohydrate found on the planet?

Answer 39

cellulose

Question 40

what's the most common carbohydrate utilized by animals

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

what are 4 functions of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 41

1. energy source 2. structural role in nucleotides (DNA and RNA) 3. structural role in connective tissue 4. protect and lubricate body surfaces 5. cellular "receptors"

Question 42

is a soft polymer consisting of alpha D-glucose units. is readily digested

Answer 42

starch

Question 43

is a rigid polymer of beta D-glucoses. Is the most abundant organic compound in the world, but cannot be digested by autoenzymeatic digesters such as pigs, poultry and humans because they do not produce the enzyme cellulose, which splits the bonds joining the Beta-D-glucoses

Answer 43

cellulose

Question 44

is the main carbohydrate in animal tissue. is a polysaccharide similar in structure to amylopectin (also known as animal starch)

Answer 44

glycogen

Question 45

Does the body store carbohydrates? if so, where and how much?

Answer 45

yes. glycogen. about 1% of BW

Question 46

whats the difference between "fats", "oils" and "waxes"?

Answer 46

fats: are primarily animal origin and are saturated fatty acids oils: primarily plant origin and are unsaturated fatty acids waxes: (plant and animal origin) have an alcohol backbone

Question 47

What's the difference between "unsaturated" and "saturated" fatty acids?

Answer 47

Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain

Question 48

what are the three essential fatty acids for metabolism? - is there one that can be less important (dietary standpoint) than the others? Why?

Answer 48

- linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid - yes, arachidonic acid will be synthesized if there are enough linoleic and linolenic acid.

Question 49

besides providing energy, what are 2 other important roles of lipids in the body?

Answer 49

1. source of dietary fatty acids 2. needed for cell membranes (lipid bilayer, phospholipids, and glycolipids)

Question 50

should animal diets (including humans) by devoid of dietary fats/oils? - Is cholesterol important? Why or why not?

Answer 50

- - yes. all the steroids come from cholesterol backbone

Question 51

How are vitamin D and cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus related?

Answer 51

- vitamin D requires cholesterol (cholecalciferol)