Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Eco/Evo > Assessment 1 > Flashcards

Assessment 1 Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pattern Component of Theories (connect to evolution)

A

the “what”

Where do species come from?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Process component of theories (connect to evolution)

A

the “why/how”

why are they so well adapted to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plato’s Typological thinking

A

dominant theory for origination of life prior ro the mid 1800s. Idea that animals never changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

States that all organisms on Earth are related by common ancestry and populations have changed over time, and continue to change, via natural selection
provides explanation for observed patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lamarkian Evolution

A

Pattern - species change over time

Process - individuals change in response to their environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Evolution via Wallace and Darwin

A

pattern - species that lived in the past are related by common ancestors, change occurs over time
process - populations change, not individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Darwins Key Postulates

A
  1. Individuals within populations are variable.
  2. Some of the trait differences are passed on to offspring.
  3. Not all individuals produce the same number of offspring
  4. Individuals with certain heritable traits produce the most offspring.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ecology

A

study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

community

A

some members of one species, some members of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endemic species

A

only found in one location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Natural Selection (Darwin and Wallace)

A

Those with more favorable traits have more offspring. Selection is an automatic consequence of heritable variation that affects reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Meiosis

A

Sperm and Egg cells (23 chromosomes) form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

homologous recombination

A

homologous chromosomes line up, cross over, and trade sections of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mutations

A

GOES AGAINST LAMARKIAN INHERITANCE, because changes in individuals would be passed on directly, and mutations are a non directive process!

Occur during chromosome replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Independent assortment

A

random assortment of maternal/paternal chromosomes, variation among chromosomes
occurs in meiosis 1
physically caused by random, non directed alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crossing over and Genetic recombination

A

changes in what alleles are on each chromosome, close alleles may go together
occurs during prophase of meiosis 1
physically caused by crossing of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outcrossing (versus “selfing”)

A

egg from one individual, sperm from another (selfing gets egg and sperm from same individual)
creates genetic variation via combination of chromosomes, new allele combinations
occurs during fertilization
physically caused by mating/combining haploid cells to create unique diploid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Population

A

group of individuals from a species that can interbreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sexual selection

A

individuals are more attractive due to certain traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

genetic drift

A

when allele frequencies change due to random events/chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gene flow

A

when new individuals enter a population and spread new alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

shows frequency of alleles in a non involving population

IGNORES natural and sexual selection, gene flow, and mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

quantitative trait

A

a range of numbers, pinpointed (ex; height, weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Evolution
Change in allele frequencies
26
Directional selection
pushes average in a direction due to a favorable trait (occurs when environment is changing)
27
stabilizing selection
shrinks range, pushes pop. towards average (occurs when environment is not changing)
28
Constraints on evolution by natural selection
Perfect organisms can't exist bc it doesn't make sense to expend that amount of energy when all you need to do is survive long enough to reproduce
29
Survival vs Reproduction trade off
low survival rates ---> earlier reproduction
30
Environments that favor long lifespan and slow reproduction
stable conditions, no extreme weather changes
31
Countervailing selection
Bright feathers attract females, but being too bright attracts predators
32
Main sources of genetic variation
* Mutation * Independent assortment * Crossing over * Outcrossing
33
Symbols for population vs sample
N vs n
34
types of numerical data
continuous (ex; crabs have a mass of 3.7g) discrete (distinct numbers, can't have half a living crab) In terms of pine lab, categorical = type of tree/site, numerical = DBH/height
35
Standard deviantion vs standard error
square root of variance, SE takes sample size into account
36
P value
probability value, helps determine probability of outcome being due to chance
37
Degree of freedom
of independent pieces of information that went into calculating an estimate
38
F test
"variance ratio test", tests null hypothesis that the variance of each of 2 data sets in equal
39
unpaired t-test
2 tailed, want to know difference between 2 groups (disregarding variances), compare value to critical value table. Tcalc < T crit, fail to reject null
40
Single Factor ANOVA
what gives you significance of p value used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of two or more independent (unrelated) groups
41
Tukey Honest Significant difference test
compares more than 2 groups when p-value indicates difference between at least 2 groups
42
Bonferroni Correction
level of significance for multiple comparisons
43
Changes in allele frequency in small populations
higher chance in allele frequency (larger pop. has less change due to drift, decreased sampling bias)
44
What happens when genetic drift occurs generation after generation?
likely to have one allele become much more common, potentially to the point where it is the only option (fixed)
45
What is it called when an allele disappears?
Loss
46
What causes genetic drift
caused by chance, unrelated to organism fitness, reduces genetic variation overtime
47
Founder effect
whatever alleles present with new populations controls frequency because population is small compared to where they came from
48
How does genetic drift affect endangered species?
Negatively, because when populations are small, it reduces genetic variation
49
Gene flow
movement of individuals and genetic information from one population to another (makes populations more alike) but cannot tell if it necessarily makes the recipient population more or less fit
50
Non-random mating
inbreeding and sexual selection
51
Selfing
both gametes come from same individual
52
How does inbreeding affect allele frequencies?
it DOESN'T! It just rearranges it (decreases heterozygosity, increases homozygosity)
53
Inbreeding depression
increase in the deleterious recessive alleles, decreasing a populations fitness (recessive alleles are "hidden" w/ heterozygotes)
54
Correlation coefficient
tells you strength of relationship between two continuous variables (value between -1 and 1). Close to 1 ---> one variable consistently increasing with the value of the other Close to -1 ---> one variable consistently decreasing with the value of the other 0 = weak relationship
55
Linear Regression
indicates how much y (dependent variable) changes in response to X (independent variable). establishes mathematical formula between x and y relationship
56
R squared value
how much change in X is due to change in y
57
Homoplasy
similar traits formed by selective traits from environment, not genetically related
58
Homology
traits inherited from a common ancestor
59
Hypothesis of homoplasy
predicts we can have same traits but due to different genes/pathways
60
purpose of climate diagrams
help elucidate geographic variation in temperature and precipitation
61
significance of terrestrial soils
influence what organisms can live in a given location and is itself influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors
62
Species
population(s) in which evolutionary forces are acting independently
63
Speciation
a splitting event, breaking 1 species into to
64
How are new, sexually reproducing species created?
``` genetic isolation (lack of gene flow) genetic divergence (due to mutation, selection, and drift) ```
65
synapomorphy
trait exclusive to one species
66
How does genetic divergence create synapomorphies
mutation and selection acts on one group separately, mutations can create new alleles which are passed onto offspring, gives selection something to work on
67
How can you identify species of bacteria/archea?
environment, what they look like, genetic analysis
68
Biological Species concept
if they can have fertile offspring, then they are the same species advantage: can collect evidence, testable, simple, widely accepted disadvantage: not good for asexual species, hybrids w/ fertile offspring, hard to use for extinct species, also can't address geographic isolation
69
morphospecies concept
based on physical appearances advantage: good for extinct/fossils/asexual, widely applicable disadvantages: traits can be similar not due to common ancestor, hard to clearly draw line
70
Phylogenetic species concept
smallest monophyletic group is a species advantage: uses most current info, takes evolutionary history into account, testable with multiple data disadvantage: based on "best available data", subject to change with new info, bias towards dividing
71
Monophyletic group
(lineage/clade) a descendent and all of its ancestors
72
allopatric speciation
if populations are isolated geographically, then evolutionary forces will act on them independently
73
Vicariance
splitting of an existing range into fragments (no more flow occurring)
74
Sympatric speciation
the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region
75
Difference between mass extinction and background extinction
``` mass = short and intense background = prolonged, driven by normal environmental change/species interactions that reduce pop. to zero. ```
76
Largest mass extinction
Permian-Triassic, wiped out 90% in 60,000 years
77
Hypothesis for Permian-Triassic extinction
Impact - astroid hit and caused rapid environmental change (tsunamis, cooling, wildfires) WWTH - unpredicted volcanic activity caused global warming, anoxic conditions, and atmosphere
78
Why couldn't organisms survive Permian-Triassic event? Why did life recover?
couldn't adapt to rapid change not enough plants to compensate lack of oxygen (killed with acid rain) Unoccupied niches were filled, volcanic eruptions eventually stopped
79
Adaptive Radiation
rapid diversification of one species into many different ones that fill various niches happens as a response to opportunity! (release from competition or colonizing a new area)
80
Mechanism of Isolation
pollinators will visit some flowers but not other
81
Mechanism of Divergence
selection for traits (color/shape/nectar) that attract different pollinators

Eco/Evo (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions