Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy 2210 > Assessment 5, part 4 > Flashcards

Assessment 5, part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes in the immune system

A
  1. natural killer cells
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. T lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocytes?

A
  1. Helper T lymphocytes

2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

naturally produce granzymes and perforin. **they do not need to be activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do B lymphocytes do?

A

mature and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do helper t lymphocytes do?

A

release tropic hormones, cytokines, that generate immune responses when activated by the binding of a T-cell receptor (TCR) AND CD4 co-receptor to a foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do cyctotoxic t lymphocytes do?

A

release perforin and granzymes that kill other target cells when activated by the binding of a T-cell receptor (TCR) AND CD8 to an MHC-I carrying either a foreign or self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is perforin?

A

a protein released by Tc (cytokine) that drills holes in the plasma membrane of an enemy cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a granzyme?

A

cytokine at enters a perforin hole and kills a cell from the inside out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is MHC-I

A

major histocompatabliity complex I: a protein produced by all nucleated cells that binds to a peptide from an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is MHC-II

A

major histocompatability complex II: a protein produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendretic cells) that binds to peptides from an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are interleukins?

A

chemicals that communicate messages between white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is IL-I?

A

interleukin 1: interleukin that activates Tc cells, aiding cell mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

Tc cells binding to pathogenic cells and killing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is IL-2?

A

interleukin 2: interleukin that activates B lymphocytes which proliferate and produce many clones and differentiated into PLASMA CELLS that produce antibodies, aiding anti-body mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity?

A

antibodies “flag” the cells to be terminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is MHC-III

A

major histocompatibility III: compliment proteins (CP); two proteins that are produced by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two types of compliment proteins?

A
  1. C3

2. C5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are C3 proteins?

A

proteins that are activated as they are split into 2 smaller proteins, C3a and C3b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do C3a proteins do?

A

initiate inflammation by binding to basophils and mast cells that produce histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 3 functions of C3b cells?

A
  1. causes immune clearance
  2. opsonization
  3. splits C5 into C5a and C5b
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is immune clearance?

A

glues antigen/antibody complex to RBC that reach spleen and liver where macrophages remove the antigen/antibody complex; accelerated removal like a short cut to the exterminator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is opsonization?

A

marking microbial cells (enemy cells) and setting them gor phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of C5a proteins?

A

induces inflammation by binding to mast cells and basophils

**same as C3a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of C5b cells?

A

recruits C6, C7, and C8 cell making the C5b678 complex

25
what does the C5b678 complex do?
it recruits a ring of C9 to make the MAC
26
what is MAC
the membrane attack complex: a protein complex that will drill holes in the plasma membrane of enemy cells allowing water/fluid to diffuse into the cells and undergo cytolysis (cell collapse)
27
what are the 9 steps of the replication cycle of HIV?
1. binding of the HIV to CD4 protein of Th using gp120 2. Fusion of viral enelope into the plasma membrane of the Th using gp41 3. release of viral contents (integrase, protease, reverse transcriptase, 2 RNA stands) in the cytoplasm of the Th 4. Reverse Transcriptase to transcribe the RNA into DNA 5. integration of viral, double standed DNA into human DNA by integrase 6. replication (transcription and translation) of viral DNA for production of viral RNA and viral proteins 7. Protease cuts polypeptide chain into individual viral proteins 8. assembly of HIV near plasma membrane of infected Th cell 9. exit of new virus to infected Th
28
what are the 3 functions of reverse transcriptase
1. acts as TNA dependent DNA polymerase 2. acts as a nuclease, degrading viral RNA 3. acts as a DNA polymerase, transcribing from the cDNA
29
what is an opportunistic pathogen?
a pathogen that takes advantage of suppressed immune systems
30
what is candida albicans?
causative agent of yeast infections
31
what is toxoplasma godii?
protozoa that infects cast as definitive hosts to produce sexual stage and use mouse as an intermediate host
32
what is cryptosporidium parvum?
protozoa that causes diarrhea
33
what is AIDS?
the final stage of an HIV infection wherein you may loose 17 liters of water stool per day causing death by dehydration
34
what are 4 opportunistic pathogens?
1. candida albicans 2. toxoplasma godii 3. cryptosporidium parvum 4. HIV
35
what is hydrocephalus?
the accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) as a result of meningitis (inflamed meninges)
36
why is HIV considered a retrovirus?
the virus inserts a DNA copy of viral RNA into its host to replicate
37
How is Ebola (filovirus) replication cycle different from HIV?
filovirus cannot serve as mRNA and cannot be replicated by human enzymes. therefore, the virus must be replicated by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase
38
What drugs are designed to interfere with the replication cycle of HIV?
1. reverse transcriptase inhibitors 2. protease inhibitors 3. drugs designed to block binding of pg120 to CD4 receptor protein of TH
39
What is HAART?
Highly Active-Anti-Retroviral Therapy: an approach using mixtures of drugs for their synergistic effect
40
What are interferons?
``` antiviral agents produced by infected cells and diffus to neighboring healthy cells and promote their production of antiviral agent **a class of cytokines along with interleukins and monokines ```
41
what is external respiration?
gas exchange at the alveoli site
42
what is internal respiration?
gas exchange at the tissue site
43
Pulmonary Arteries vs. Bronchial Arteries
pulmonary deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs for external respiration, bronchial arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the specialized cells of the alveoli for internal respiration
44
what are the 3 specialized cells of the alveoli?
1. squamous alveolar cells that make the wall of the alveoli 2. greater alveolar cells "cube-like cells" that secrete surfactant which prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation 3. alveolar macrophages=dust cells
45
what is the Haldane effect?
the presence of oxygen lowers the hemoglobin's affinity to bind to CO2
46
what is the Bohr effect?
the presence of CO2 lowers hemoglobins affinity to bind to O2
47
what does systemic mean?
internal
48
what is CFTR?
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator: pumps Cl, and Na and water follow the Cl pump keeping the mucous layer thin
49
what is cystic fibrosis?
the disease resulting from debris build up in the stiff cilia
50
what is hemoglobin considered an allosteric protein?
there are many binding sites
51
what are the 4 main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis 2. intermediate step 3. krebs cycle 4. electron transport chain
52
what are common urinary infections?
cystitis: inflammation of urinary bludder pyletis: inflammation of ureter pyelophritis: inflammation of renal cortex
53
cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephron
juxtamedullary nephrons are mainly in the medulla of the kidney and cortical are more so in the cortex
54
events at the glomerulosa
colloid osmotic pressure, capsular pressure and blood hydrostatic pressure BHP works against colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure to give a net filtration pressure
55
what is blood hydrostatic pressure?
60mmHg. favors filtration and filters blood into bowman's capsule
56
what is colloid osmotic pressure?
32mmHg. resists BHP because the albumin in the plasma acts as a solute making the arterioles the less concentrated area as opposed to the bowman's capsule
57
what is the Kf (Filtration coefficient)?
12.5 ml/min/mmHg
58
how much blood is filtered per day?
180 L/day

Anatomy 2210 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions