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Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Minimal Change disease (normal glomerula–>FSGS)

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2
Q

ALL

A

Downsyndrome

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3
Q

Pancytopenia (Normochromic Normocytic anemia), Recurrent infections
- BM–>Blood

A
  • CLL
  • Hairy cell Leukemia
  • Multiple Myeloma (most common COD)
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4
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

CRAB

- hyperCalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone lytic lesions

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5
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Can develop urothelial bladder cancer

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6
Q

Osteopetrosis in relation to GI:

A

Marker: Alkaline Phosphatase (Fibroblast indicator)/ in GI it is a sign of biliary tree obstruction (sclerosing Cholangiitis)

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7
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • co exists with primary biliary cirrhosis
  • Caplan syndrome=pneumoconiosis, RA; rheumatoid nodules in the lungs
  • Felty’s syndrome: RA, splenomegaly and neutropenia
  • Anemia of Chronic disease
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8
Q

Krukenberg

A

diffuse Gastric carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast
dysgerminoma

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9
Q

Types of breast Carcinoma

A
  • Duct (90%), lobular (10%)
  • Noninfiltrating insitu:
    intraducalt Ca (DCIS),: comedo, papillary, Paget’s (older women, unilateral niple change))
    Lobular Ca in situ (LCIS)-higher chance of malignancy
    -Infiltrating Ca
    Duct: Scirrhous, Medullary, Colloid
    Lobular
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10
Q

Male breast (Gynecomastia)

A 
Cirrhosis
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY karyotype)
BRACA2
Estrogen therapy
drugs
alcohol
marijuana, 
heroin
anabolic steroids
retroviral t/t
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11
Q

PSaMMoma Bodies

PPSSMM

A 
- Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Papillary renal cell carcinoma
Serous ovarian tumors
Serous endometrial carcinoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
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12
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Dysgerminoma
coarctation of the aorta
congenital biscuspid aortic valve
hosrseshoe kidney

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13
Q

Fibromas

A
  • similar in appearance to thecomas
  • associated with ascites (40%) and hydrothorax on right side (Meig’s syndrome)
  • Occasionally associated with basal cell nevus syndrome
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14
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma

A 
Encephalomyelitis
SIADH
Cushings 
Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Metastasis to the brain
IgA nephropathy
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15
Q

pseudorosettes

A

Meduloblastoma
Ewing sarcoma (Homer Wright rosettes)
Neuroblastoma
Call exner

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16
Q

Germ cell tumor

A

Choriocarcinoma (Non-gestational)
Yolk sac
Dysgerminoma
Mature Cystic Teratoma/Demoid Cyst

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17
Q

Medullary carcinoma

-what paraneoplastic does it make?

A

VIP
ACTH
SEROTONIN

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18
Q

Hematogenous

-Red Hot Chili Flakes Go Through Blood

A

Renal cell carcinoma
HCC
Follicular of the thyroid
Choriocarcinoma

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19
Q

AFC-marker

A

Yolk sac

HCC

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20
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Turner

Edwards

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21
Q

Germ cell tumor

A 
ovarian Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac (Endodermal sinus tumor)
Dysgerminoma
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22
Q

Fried Egg appearance

A 
Dysgerminoma (Oocytes)-solid tumor does not rapture
Seminoma
Oligodendriglioma
Medullary carcinoma of the breast
Hairy cel leukemia
-all good prognosis
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23
Q

Surface Epithelial Tumors

A

Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid
Brenner Tumor

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24
Q

AFP-marker

A

Yolk sac

HCC

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25
Q

Sex cord tumors

A

Granulosa theca
sertoli leydig
fibrothecoma

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26
Q

Jelly belly

A

Carcinoma of the appendix

Mucinous cystadenoma

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27
Q

Hematogenous

-RED HOT CHILLI FLAKES GO THROUGH BLOOD

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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28
Q

AFC-marker

A

Yolk sac

HCC

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29
Q

diseases that can transform to FSGS

A
  • Normal complement (nephrotic syndrome) diseases transform to
  • IgA nephropathy
  • Alports
  • Minimal change disease
  • chronic renal diseases/subtotal nephrectomy
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30
Q

Onion skinning

A

Primary sclerosiing cholangitis
Ewing sarcoma
Severe Malignant HTN

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31
Q

VHL mutation

A

RCC-clear cell
pheochromocytoma
retinohemagioblastoma
cerebellar

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32
Q

Minimal change disease (Selective to albumin)

A

-Hodgkins lymphoma in adults

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33
Q

Hemoglubinuria

A

G6PD
cold
DIC
PNH

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34
Q

Stromal cell

A

Granulosa-theca
Fibroma
Sertoli Leydig cell

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35
Q

Non-hypertensive hemorrhages

Intracerebral/intraparenchymal hemorrhages

A 
arterial or venoous
-Typically Lobar
coagulopathy 
tumor hemorrhage 
Vascular malformation
Amyloid malformation
Cortical vein or dural sinus thrombosis
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36
Q

Coombs Test (+/-)

A

Coombs positive:

  • All AIHA
  • hereditary spherocytosis caused by ***
  • kernicterus

(-):
-Hereditary spherocytosis

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37
Q

Di Georges

A

TBX 1 gene mutation

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38
Q

Turner’s

A 
Homeobox gene SHOX:1
Coarctation of the aorta
dygerminoma
horseshoe kidney
Bicuspid aortic valves
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39
Q

Sonic HH

A

Holoprosencephaly

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40
Q

Homeobox gene

A

Limb defects, vertebral defects, craniofacial abnormalities

Valproic acid–>mimics

41
Q

Retinoic acid

A

causes, CNS, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate.
may interfere with TGFbeta (palatogenesis)

42
Q

Potter sequence

A

Breech presentation
clubbed feet
altered facies
worsens pulmonary hypoplasia

43
Q

Criggler Najjar type 1

A

recessively inherited disease

  • complete absence of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity
  • unremitting unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia leading to bilirubin encephalopathy
  • Most patients die within first year
44
Q

Crigler-Najjar DIsease type 2

A

Partial decrease in UDP-glucoronyl transferase

treatment with phenobarbital–>enables hepatocytes to make the enzyme

45
Q

0-4 year old tumors

A 
Leukemia
Retinoblastoma
Neuroblastom
Wilm's Tumor
Hepatoblastoma
Soft tissue sarcoma (esp. Rhabdomyosarcoma)
Teratomas
CNS tumors
46
Q

5-9 years old

A 
Leukemia
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastom
Soft tissue sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma***
CNS tumors
Lymhoma
47
Q

10-14

A 
HCC
osteosarcoma
thyroid carcinom
Hodgkins disease
soft tissue sarcoma
48
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A

Downsyndrome

Agammaglobulinemia

49
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Deletion in 13q
Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes (true)

Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma/PNET
Pinealoblastoma

50
Q

Lymphoma

A

Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome

51
Q

Small round blue cell tumors of childhood

A 
Lymphoma/Leukemia
Medulloblastoma (CNS neoplasm)
Neuroblastoma (ALK gene mutation)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma)
-embryonal
-alveolar
WIlms tumor
Bone tumors
-Ewing sarcoma
-small cell osteosarcoma
52
Q

Beckwith-Wieldmann Syndrome

A 
Macroglossia
Omphalocele
Gigantism
Adrenal crtical cytomegaly
Visceromegaly
Ilset cell hypertrophy
Renal medullary dysplasia
53
Q

Denys-Drash Syndrome

A

Gonadal dysgenesis
Renal abnormalities
WT-1 gene mutation
90% chance of WIlms’ tumor

54
Q

Brenner’s tumor

A 
4 B's
Benign
coffee Bean nucleus also seen in granulosa theca cells
Brenner
Bladder like epithelium (transitional)
55
Q

schiller duval Bodies

A

Epithelial cells around a central blood vessel
Yolk sac tumor
similar appearance to Glomeruli

56
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma

A

“Young girls

57
Q

Fibrothecoma

A

right sided pleural effusion + Pure fibroma + ascites= Meig’s syndrome
-in meig’s only fibroma is seen
Basal cell nevus syndrome/Ghorlin syndome

58
Q

Ovarian tumors with hormones

A
  • Estrogen excess-grabulosa theca (look for carcinoma of breast and uterus)
  • Estrogen & androgen excess- PCOD (no tumor!!)
  • Androgen excess- sertoli leydig
  • CGT excess- Chorion carcinoma
  • Thyroxine- struma Ovarii-dermoid cyst
  • 5HT- carcinoid syndrome-dermoid cyst
59
Q

Bilateral ovarian tumors

A 
Serous cyst adenocarcinoma
Serous adenoma
Mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma
Endometrioid tumor
Metastasis
60
Q

Cystic Ovarian lesions (neo-plastic)

A

Serous cyst adenocarcinoma/adenoma
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma/adenoma
Dermoid cyst

61
Q

Cystic Ovarian lesions (non-neoplastic)

A

chocolate cyst
follicular cyst
PCOD
corpus luteum cyst

62
Q

solid ovarian tumors

A

Small: Brenner’s, Granulosa theca, Endometrioid
Large: (hemorrhage, necrosis) malignant teratoma
Bilateral: metastasis

63
Q

Chocolate cysts

A

Mainly caused by Endometriosis

64
Q

Cancers cause by HPV 16&18

A

Penile
Oral
Cervical
Anal

65
Q

Diethylstiebestrol (DES)

A 
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
vagina adenosis (glandular hyperplasia)--> endocervical type glands in vagina
66
Q

Mass lesions in Vagina

A

Gartner duct cyst (remnants of mesonephric ducts)–>anterolateral wall of vagina
clear cell adenocarcinoma, adenosis
carcinoma

67
Q

Pre-Eclampsia

GEPH

A

Gestation Edema with Proteinuria and HTN

68
Q

Gestational Trophoblastic disease

A

“Beta PIG has Moles”

  • B-hCG level more important
  • Placental site trophoblastic tumor
  • Invasive mole
  • Gestational choriocarcinoma
  • Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)-complete & incomplete
69
Q

Major risk for scrotal carcinoma

A

Chimney sweepers

70
Q

acute renal failure

A

Oliguria–>anuria–>azotemia

71
Q

Chronic Renal failure

A

prolonged symptoms of uremia

72
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

-Diabetes Mellitus–>most common cause in adults
Heavy proteinuria (>3mg/day
Hyperlipidemia & lipiduria
Edema
Normal complement
hypercoagulable states: due to loss of antithrombin III

72
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A
73
Q

FSGS

-etiology?

A

Often idiopathic
-or secondary to:
HIV, heroin abuse, morbid obesity, maligananices, African american, chronic kidney disease,…

74
Q 
AA amyloid (secondary)
-Nephrotic syndrome
A 
RA, 
Nehcet syndrome, 
Crohn's disease, 
TB,
Hodgkin's, 
Rena cell Ca.
75
Q

Nephritic syndrome w/ normal complement

A

IgA nephropathy/henloch purpura
Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis)
SLE (I, II, V)
Benign Hematuria

76
Q

Nephritic syndrome with Low complement

A

Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
SLE (class III, IV)
bacterial endocarditis/infected ventriculoatrial shunt
Cryoglobulinemia

77
Q

Nephritic syndrome with Variable complement

A

RPGN**

78
Q

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (IgA nephropathy/henoch-schonlein purpura)

A

In children: Henoch-schonlein purpura
Celiac disease (Gluten enteropathy) , HIV, minimal change disease
-most common in asian 2nd and 3rd decades
Vasculitis
-Wegeners (5C’s & Triad)
Ankylosing spondylitis,
Small cell carcinoma

79
Q

Membranoproliferative Glomerulobephritis (MPGN)

A

Type I
secondary form more common:
-Subenothelial
-Hep B/C, endocarditis, Lupus, parasitic infections, cryoglobulinema (similar to post strep in lab findings)
-Lupus associated with hypercllularity
-Hep C –>tram track appearance + cryoglobulemia
-associated with classical pathway so C1 & C4 low, C3 may be low

80
Q

hypercellularity and increase in BM

A

IgA nephropathy
MPGN
Lupus Class II: mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis

81
Q

LUPUS classes (I-VI)

A

Class I: minimal mesangial lupus nephritis
Class II: mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis
class III: focal segemental proliferative lupus nephritis
class IV: diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
class V: membranous lupus nephritis
class VI: advanced sclerosing lupus nephritis

82
Q

schistocytes in peripheral blood smear

A

Thrombotic Microangiopathies: HUS/TTP
HUS: associated with Viral, shigella, Salmonella infections, mainly EHEC

TTP: associated with SLE, HIV, hematological malignancies

83
Q

Tubular and interstitial diseases

A

-Acute tubular Necrosis
-Tubulointerstitial nephritis (acute:drugs-antibiotics, chronic:infection-pyelonephritis)
-Acute pyelonephritis
-Chronic pyelonephritis:
Papillary necrosis
obstructive nephropathy
Renal stones

84
Q

Cystic Kidney diseases:

- cysts associated with systemic diseases

A 
Von Hippel-Lindau Sundrome (VHLS)
Tuberous sclerosis (TS)
85
Q

AD Polcystic Kidney disease

-External manifestations are

A

-hepatic cysts, intracranial aneurysms, pancreatic cysts/splenic, diverticulosis, cardiac valve disease (mid systolic click), abdominal wall and inguinal hernia
complication:
chronic renal failure–> need dialysis & renal transplant (2nd most common COD)
- heart failure & MI due to HTN (most common COD)
-Rupture berry aneurysm–> subarachnoid hemorrhage

86
Q

ARPKD potter sequence manifestation

A 
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydranios (trigger)
Twisted faces
Twisted skin
Extremity defect
Renal failure
87
Q

RCC (ch. 3) paraneoplastics

RAPA E

A 
Renin-->HTN
ACTH--> cushings
PTHrP--> hypercalcemia
AA amyloidosis
EPO-->polycythemia
88
Q

Von Hippel lindau gene

A

RCC + pheochromcytoma + retinal and cerebellar hemangiomas

89
Q

Horse shoe kidney

A

Turners

Edwards

90
Q

Treatment for BPH:

A

Fenastiridine–>mimized transformation and i a 5 a-reductase inhibitor

91
Q

SIADH causes:

A
  • Post operative
  • Intracranial disease: encephalitis, meningitis, head injury
  • Neoplasms: SCC of the lung
  • Drugs/medication
92
Q

Beefy things:

A
  • Thyroid: Graves
  • Spleen: Hairy cell leukemia
  • Tongue:
93
Q

Harshimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism) associated with

A

Non Hodgkins B cell lymphoma

94
Q

Pheochromcytoma plays part of :

A

MEN 2a
MEN 2b
Neurofibromatosis
Von hippel-lindau syndrome (w/renal cell Ca)

95
Q

Etiology of HTN:

A

Primary: idiopathic
secondary:
- cushings disease: cortisol is a weak mineralocorticoid , increases alpha 1 receptors
- acromegaly: GH up regulates alpha 1 receptors
- hyperaldosteronism (conn’s disease)
- pheochromoscytoma
- Graves’ disease

96
Q

PNH can lead to:

A

AML or MDS

97
Q

polycythemia causers (secondary increased EPO)

A

RCC
Hepatoma (HCC)
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma

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