Asthma and COPD and allergies Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Asthma and COPD and allergies Deck (37)
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1
Q

what is asthma

A

a long term respiratory condition in which airways may unexpectedly and suddenly narrow in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or stress.

2
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing

3
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.

4
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

limitation of flow of air to and from the lungs causing shortness of breath

5
Q

Asthma results from what and what are mediators of asthmas

A

asthma is a disease resulting from an excessive active immune system and attenuation of the immune response is important for treatment!
T effector cells are mediators
Th cells determine course of inflammation

6
Q

sequence of events leading to infiltration of eosinophils in the lung

A

allergen > mast cell > Th2 > infiltration of eosinophils

7
Q

what mediates an inflammatory response in eosinophilic asthma leading to eosinophil infiltration of the lung

A

Th2 cells by the virtue of cytokines

8
Q

Aspects of Th1

A

cell mediated immunity, intracellular pathogens, against yeast, viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer

9
Q

Aspects of Th2

A

humoral/ AB mediated immunity, extracellular pathogens, parasites, normal bacteria, toxins, and allergens

10
Q

what regulates the balance between Th1 and Th2

A

cytokines!

11
Q

what is atopy

A

Atopy is the prediposition to Th2 responses - frequently linked to asthma

12
Q

Explain eosinophilic asthma and what is used to treat them

A

eosinophils and basement membrane thickening treated by Inhalational corticosteroids

13
Q

Explain Non eosinophilic asthma

A

no eosinophils, no Basement membrane thickening. Treatments still needed

14
Q

Th1 asthma

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders

15
Q

Th2 asthma

A

allergic (atopic) disorders > eosinophilic asthma

16
Q

Th17 asthma

A

Th17 asthma is chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder > neutrophilic asthma

17
Q

goals of asthma treatment

A
  1. relieve/ prevent bronchoconstriction
  2. inhibit airway inflammation - RED mucus production
  3. prevent airway remodeling
    Goal: manage disease so symptoms are minimized
18
Q

Asthma onset
allergic response:
with treatment
late stage inflammation leads to what

A

onset: typically during childhood or adolescence
allergic response: bronchoconstriction
Treatment: near normal lung function and symptom free life possible
Late stage inflammation usually involves eosinophil recruitment

19
Q
COPD
Onset: 
bronchoconstriction from: 
Treatment:
Inflammation involves
A

Onset: typically in smokers and former smokers in 40s
bronchoconstriction results from change in vagal tone
treatment: PTs still experience symptoms, airflow obstruction is only partially reversible
Inflammation: involves neutrophil recruitment (neutrophilia)

20
Q

drug classes TX for allergic rhinitis

A

H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines)
A1-adrenergic receptor agonists (decongestants)
and intranasal corticosteroids

21
Q

What does nasal corticosteroids do

A

reduce swelling and inflammation in mucous membranes and reduce mucus production

22
Q

side effects of nasal corticosteroids

A

rare but irritation, bad taste, nose bleeds, and sores in nose and perforation of nasal septum can occur

23
Q

what are oral decongestants

A

A1 adrenergic receptor agonists that constrict blood vessels and relive congestion

24
Q

two oral decongestants

A

phenylephrine- low bioavailability

pseudoephrine - particularly effective for nasal membranes, can be alone or with anti-histamines and pain relievers

25
Q

side effects of oral decongestants

A

tachycardia, hypertension, CNS stimulation, tremors

26
Q

what are antihistamines

A

antihistamines are H1 antagonist

27
Q

what are oral antihistamines used for

A

for systemic or local relief

28
Q

what are topical antihistamines used for

A

topical = urticaria (hives)

29
Q

what are ophthalmic antihistamines used for

A

for eye allergies

30
Q

what are intranasal antihistamines used for

A

for seasonal rhinitis

31
Q

Describe 1st generation antihistamines

A

1st generation antihistamines had significant entry into brain, sedative effect, anti -emetic, anti motion sickness effects

32
Q

describe 2nd generation antihistamines

A

limited entry into brain, more selective, fewer adverse effects

33
Q

name some common 1st ten antihistamines and their main drawbacks

A

benadryl, nyquil, dramamine

PRODUCE Drowsiness! short half lives and cross BBB

34
Q

what does Histamine receptor activity on vascular endothelium do

A

INC intracellular Ca leading to NO mediated relaxation of smooth m and vasodilation

35
Q

what produces broncho constriction in asthma

A

contents of mast cells granulation such as histamine, cystidinyl leukotrienes, prostaglandins

36
Q

agent INC Ca in smooth m will act as what

Agents Dec Ca in smooth m will act as what

A

INC Ca= broncho constrictors

Dec Ca= broncho dilators

37
Q

what produces relaxation of smooth m

A

B2 adrenergic receptor agonists