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BOC Study Guide > AT Exam Review Section 1 > Flashcards

AT Exam Review Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

phosphagen system

A

provides ATP primarily for short-term, high intensity activities (eg resistance training & sprinting) & is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

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2
Q

aerobic respiration system (oxaditive)

A

primary source of ATP at rest & during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates & fats as substrates

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3
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

relaxation that occurs in the muscle opposing the muscle experiencing the increased tension

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4
Q

diarthrotic joint (synovial)

A

united by a joint capsule

contain synovial fluid

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5
Q

ginglymus joint (hinge)

A

permit flexion & extension only
occur in 1 plane (uniaxial)
elbow joint

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6
Q

sellar joint (saddle)

A

permit abduction & adduction, Flexion & extension & circumduction possible
occur in 2 planes (biaxial joint)
thumb (base)

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7
Q

agonist muscle

A

muscle that contracts

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8
Q

antagonist muscle

A

action opposite of agonist

muscle that lengthens

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9
Q

synergist muscle

A

assists agonist
increases movement efficiency
prevents unnecessary movement

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10
Q

fixators muscle

A

stops unwanted action at fixed attachment

point of a muscle

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11
Q

neutralizers muscle

A

stops unwanted action at mobile attachment point of a muscle

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12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; formerly, the delicate connective tissue of the endomysium was include under this term by some

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13
Q

myofibril

A

one of the fine longitudinal fibrils occuring in a skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber comprising many regularly overlapped untramicroscopic thick and thin myofilaments

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14
Q

flat muscle

A

thin & broad

example - rectus abdominis

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15
Q

fusiform (spindle) muscle

A

spindle shaped

example - brachioradialis

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16
Q

triangular radiate muscle

A

fan shaped

example - trapezius

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17
Q

strap muscle

A

long parallel manner

example - sartorius

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18
Q

sphincter (circular) muscle

A

around a body opneing

example - orbicularis occuli

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19
Q

spiral muscle

A

arranged aroud long axis

example - latissimus dorsi

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20
Q

unipennate muscle

A

diagnonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on one side only
example - brachialis

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21
Q

bipennate muscle

A

diagonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on both sides
example - biceps femoris

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22
Q

multipennate muscle

A

diagonally arranged fibers from multiple tendon

example - deltoid

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23
Q

contractility

A

the ability or properly of a substance, expecially of muscle, of shortening, or becoming reduced in size, or developing increased tension

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24
Q

first class lever

A

fulcrum is between the resistance & applied force
example in body - neck extension
example outside body - see saw

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25
second class level
resistance is between the fulcrum and applied force very efficient lever system example in body - standing heel raise example outside body - wheel barrow
26
third class lever
applied force is between the fulcrum & resistance very inefficient system example in body - elbow flexion example outside body - swinging door
27
cubitus recurvatum
elbow extension beyond 0 degrees
28
carrying angle of elbow
about 15 degrees
29
astrocytes
one of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue
30
oligodendroglia
one of the four types of glia cells (the other three being macroglia or astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia) that, together with nerve cells, compose the tissue of the central nervous system. These cells are characterized by variable numbers of veillike or sheetlike processes that each wrapped around individual axons to form the myelin sheath or nerve fibers in the central nervous system: forms myelin in the central nervous system, & accordingly are more numerous in white matter than in gray matter
31
coronal plane (frontal or lateral)
a vertical plane, extending from side to side, dividing the body into an anterior & a posterior portion
32
ringworm (tinea corporis)
cause by trichophyton rubum | S&S: presents w/ circular, erythematous, pruritic (itchy) plaque, w/ a raised edge, scaling, & central clearing
33
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected into the aorta during a single ventricular contraction
34
pediculosis
parasite infestation with lice. Sites infected head (pediculus capitis), body (pediculus corporis), and genital area (pediculus pubis)
35
prehypertension
systolic pressure 120 to 139 mmHg | diastolic pressure 80 to 90 mmHg
36
stage 1 hypertension
systolic 140 to 159 mmHg | diastolic 90 to 99 mmHg
37
stage 2 hypertension
systolic > 160 mmHg | diastolic > 100 mmHg
38
graves disease
- hyperthyroidism - S&S: tremors, weakness, difficulty swallowing or speaking, fatigue, & facial or eye motor disorders called tics, enlarged thyroid glands, heat intolerance, nerovusness, sweating, weight loss, protrusion of the eyes
39
guillain-Barre Syndrome
- sutoimmune response to viral infection - acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy - a sudden, disabling symmetric weakness of both legs occurs, progresses to the arms, & is accompanied by loss of the deep tendon reflexes. the abiltiy to speak may be affected
40
myasthenia gravis
- - autoimmune disoreder of neuromuscular junction | - S&S: extreme muscle fatigue, double vision, ptosis & respiratory muscles may be affected
41
paget disease
- abnormality of boen remodeling | - S&S: minor aching pains, thickening of bone. leads to neural compression
42
diverticulosis
multiple herniations of the mucosa & submucosa of the intestine through the muscular layer of the intestinal wall is a condition
43
charcot-marie-tooth
- neurological disorder - S&S: weakness of foot & leg muscles, foot deformities - most often in adolescence or early adulthood
44
diverticulitis
feces becomes trapped in a herniated section or such a section becomes obstructed, an inflammation of the herniated section
45
flow of blood through the heart (start atrium)
``` right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta body inferior/superior venacava ```
46
right coronary artery divides into
- sinuartrial nodal branch --> supplies the SA node | - right marginal branch --> supplies the right border of the heart as it runs towards the apex of the heart
47
ECG P wave
artrial depolarization
48
ECG QRS Segment
- ventricular depolarization | - hides artrial repolarization
49
ECG T wave
ventricular repolarization
50
ECG interval from P to R
represent the propogation fo depolarization fromt he SA node int he atria through the AV node
51
ECG interval from Q to T
represent the ventricular depolarization-repolarization cycle
52
auscultation of the heart
1st sound "lub" --> closing of the mitral & tricuspid valves with ventricular systole - 2nd sound "dud" --> aortic & pulmonary valves closing after ventricular systole
53
premature artrial contractions
frequently noted in patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease, these disorders are characterized by extra artrial contractions, which discharge regularly or sporadically before a noraml cardiac cycle
54
premature ventricular contractions
ventricular contractions sporadically discharge out of normal sequence
55
ventricular fibrillation
evidenced by an extremely rapid & abnormal pattern of ventricular contraction. Since left ventricular output is effectively reduced to almost nothing, death will result unless fibrillation can be reversed
56
microglia
- small in size - grow from monocytes - act as brian macrophages - engulf & destroy pathogens
57
oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)
- produce myelin sheath around CNS axons | - provide support to CNS
58
brocca area
- in left hemisphere of the cerbral cortex and is the language area - frontal lobe - motor aphasia
59
wernicke area
- in left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex & is the language area - speech comprehension center - foudn in temporal lobe
60
parietal lobe
- primary sensory area - somatesthetic sensation --> sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon, & joint receptors - temperature interpretion - distance, size, & shape interpretaion
61
frontal lobe
- primary motor control area - speech centers (written & motor) - conscious control of skeletal muscle
62
temporal lobe
- auditory centers including interpretation & association of auditory information - olfactory area
63
occipital lobe
- vision & coordination of eye movements - visual receiving & association areas - read with understanding
64
lymphoid organs
adenoids spleen tonsils thymus gland
65
leukoplakia
a white patch of oral mucous membrnae that cannot be wiped off & diagnosed clinically; associated with pipe smoking
66
angioedema
recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous or mucosal edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours
67
kaposi sarcoma
multifocal malignant neoplasm of primitive vasoformative tissue, in skin & sometimes in lymph nodes or viscera, consisting of spindle cells & irregular small vascular spaces frequently infiltrated by hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages & extravasated red blood cells
68
memory B cells
lymphocytes that mediate immunologic memory
69
cytokines
hormonelike proteins, secreted by many cell types, which regulate the intensity & duration of immune responses & are involved in cell-to-cell communication
70
menstral cycle: menstration
occurs day 1 to 4 or 5
71
menstral cycle: progesterone levesl peak
approximately 1 week after ovulation
72
gastrointestinal tract
- mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal) - anus
73
categories of hormones
catecholamines polypeptides glycoproteins steroids
74
catecholomines
epinephrine | norepinephrine
75
snacks for diabetic athletes
10 to 30 g carbohydrates for every 45 to 60 minutes of exercise
76
hormone that triggers ovulation
LH
77
the arch ligament of the shoulder
coracoacromial ligament
78
contraindications for LASERS
- treatment to the eyes - over cancerous areas - over hemorrhage areas
79
contraindications for cold application
``` advanced diabetes anesthetic skin cardiac or respiratory involvement circulatory insufficiency cold allergy/cold - induced urticaria cold-induced myocardial ischemia (large areas treated) lupus peripheral vascular disease raynaud's phenomenon uncovered open wounds ```

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