Atherosclerosis risk factors

Question 1

1 word: elastic recoil of arteries and is responsible for maintaining the blood flow inside the vessels during
the diastolic phase of cardiac contraction.

Answer 1

Windkessel effect

Question 2

1 word: means loss of elasticity of vessels commonly associated with thickening

Answer 2

Sclerosis

Question 3

1 word: sclerosis that affects small arteries and arterioles

Answer 3

Arteriolosclerosis

Question 4

What are 2 types of arteriolosclerosis?

Answer 4

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Question 5

1 word: Pink, hyaline thickening of arteriolar walls

Answer 5

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

Question 6

1 word: ‘Onion skinning’ or concentric thickening of the arteriolar wall seen in malignant hypertension. Fibrinoid necrosis/necrotizing arteriolitis (inflammatory cells in vessel wall particularly in kidney)

Answer 6

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Question 7

What conditions is hyaline ateriolosclerosis commonly seen?

Answer 7

Seen in elderly, more commonly in benign hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and benign nephrosclerosis.

Question 8

1 word: dystrophic calcification in the walls of muscular arteries in persons typically older than age 50.* the deposits may undergo metaplastic change into bone.the lesions do not encroach on the vessel lumen and are usually not clinically significant

Answer 8

Monckeberg’s medial calcific stenosis

Question 9

1 word: hyperplasia of the intima and media of arteries with adventitial sclerosis and breakdown of normal elastic tissue. Thickened septa and ridges protrude into the lumen .Occurs in muscular arteries larger than arterioles, as a healing response driven by inflammation or mechanical injury e.g. healed arteritis, stenting; can result in stenosis, aneurysm

Answer 9

Fibromuscular Dysplasia(FMD):

Question 10

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Refers to the patchy deposition of lipid (cholesterol and cholesterol esters) within plaques deep in the
intima.

Question 11

Describe microscopy of plaque

Answer 11

Plaque is present within the intima, has a core of lipid (cholesterol and cholesterol esters) and a covering of fibrous cap.

Fibrous cap - Consists of smooth muscle cells, macrophages and foam cells

Question 12

How does hyperrhomocysteinemia increase risk of atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

promotes atherosclerosis through increased oxidant stress, impaired endothelial function, and
induction of thrombosi

Question 13

How does hyperlipidemia increase risk of atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

High dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fats) raises plasma cholesterol levels
Increased plasma cholesterol WITH low density lipoprotein (LDL) to high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 14

How does increased lipoprotein A increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 14

are associated with a higher risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, independent of total cholesterol or LDL levels. Lipoprotein ‘A Lipoprotein a, or Lp(a), is an altered form of LDL that contains the
apolipoprotein B-100 portion of LDL linked to apolipoprotein A. It has structural similarity to plasminogen. So, it competes with plasminogen in clots decreasing the latter’s ability to form plasmin and clear clots

Question 15

How does CRP increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 15

is an acute-phase reactant synthesized primarily by the liver. When locally synthesized within atherosclerotic intima, it can also regulate local endothelial adhesion and thrombotic states.

Question 16

How does diabetes mellitus increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 16

Causes endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in vascular endothelium which
promotes development of atherosclerosis

Question 17

How does cigarette increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 17

g accelerates development of atherogenesis
* Impairing endothelium-dependent vasodilation
.by
(EDV) in macrovasculature
* Promotes release of proinflammatory mediators VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin levels thereby augmenting inflammatory
mediated damage of the endothelium .
* Promotes oxidative modification of LDL

Question 18

How does Herpes, cytomegalovirus and chlamydia increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 18

have all been detected in atherosclerotic plaques Proposed
such organisms could infect sites of early atheroma formation; their foreign antigens could potentiate atherogenesis by driving
local immune responses, or infectious agents could contribute to
the local prothrombotic state.

Question 19

How does metabolic syndrome increase risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 19

Associated with central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidaemia,
hypercoagulability and proinflammatory state