Athletic Training Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
defined as physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force
A
trauma
2
Q
what changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter?
A
force or mechanical energy
3
Q
external force acting on internal structures
A
load
4
Q
change in shape of a tissue
A
deformation
5
Q
internal resistance to an external load
A
stress
6
Q
extent of deformation under loading
A
strain
7
Q
return to original shape following deformation
A
elasticity
8
Q
failure to return to original shape after load removed
A
plasticity
9
Q
ability to resist load
A
stiffness
10
Q
deformation that occurs with application of constant load over time
A
creep
11
Q
elastic limit of tissue
A
yield point
12
Q
exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain leading to breakdown
A
mechanical failure (point of ultimate failure)
13
Q
external loads applied toward one another on opposite surface in opposite directions
A
compression
14
Q
equal and opposite external loads that pull the structure apart
A
tension
15
Q
equal but not directly opposite loads applied to opposing surfaces, forcing to move in parallel directions relative to one another
A
shear
16
Q
loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends
A
torsion
17
Q
two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
A
bending
18
Q
an example of an acute injury
A
bone fracture
19
Q
an example of chronic injury
A
osteoporosis of bone
20
Q
a condition when symptoms appear and change or worse rapidly; severe and sudden onset of symptoms
A
acute
21
Q
a condition that develops and worsens over an extended period of time
A
chronic
22
Q
type of injury involving immediate pain, swelling, inability to use the injured body part
A
traumatic injury
23
Q
type of injury that is violent and sudden, such as sprains, lacerations, torn ligaments, pulled muscles, or broken bones caused by a fall.
A
traumatic injury
24
Q
type of injury that is more common and develop over a long period of time from mild or low-grade repeated stress
A
overuse injury
25
example of traumatic injury
a direct blow
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example of overuse injury
repetitive dynamic use over time
27
active components of injury classifcation
muscle and tendon
28
passive components of injury classification
joint, ligament, connective tissue
29
overstretched by tension, or forced to contract against too much resistance, separation or tearing of the muscle fibers occurs. may range from minute separation of connective tissue to complete musculotendinous avulsion or muscle rupture.
muscle strains
30
some of the fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active ROM, movement painful but full range present
grade I of muscle strain
31
a number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result. ROM decreased due to pain
grade II of muscle strain
32
complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
grade III of muscle strain
33
folowing injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of motion
muscle guarding
34
a reflex reaction caused by trauma to the musculoskeletal system
spasms
35
the two types of muscle spasm
clonic and tonic
36
alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession
clonic muscle spasm
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rigid contraction that lasts a period of time
tonic muscle spasm
38
overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain
muscle soreness
39
when does muscle soreness occur?
following participation in activity that individual is unaccustomed
40
what are symptoms of muscle soreness
increased muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, reduced ROM, resistance to stretching
41
how to prevent muscle soreness?
prevent soreness through gradual build-up of intensity
42
two types of soreness
acute-onset muscle soreness
| delayed onset muscle soreness
43
type of soreness that accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise
acute onset muscle soreness
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type of muscle soreness. pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides
delayed onset muscle soreness
45
tears in a tendon generally occurs where?
the musculotendinous junction or bony attachment and not tendon itself.
46
how to care and prevent and tendon injury?
reduce pain, avoid further tearing of the tendon, encourage regeneration of the damaged tendon.
47
repetitive stress on tendon will result in...
microtrauma and elongation
48
overuse/repetitive injury onset. gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes.
tendinitis
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symptoms of tendinitis
obvious signs of warmth, swelling, and pain. tendon becomes irritated and inflamed.
50
the breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
tendinosis
51
how does tendinosis occur?
without proper healing conditions
52
inflammation of a tendon and its snynovial sheath
tenosynovitis
53
what causes tenosynovitis?
caused due to increased friction and decreased space through which they move.
54
acute case of tenosynovitis
rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling
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chronic case of tenosynovitis
thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus
56
another word for bruise
contusions
57
discrete, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia. classified as latent or active
trigger points
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type of trigger point that does not cause spontanuous pain and may restrict movement
latent trigger point
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type of trigger point that elicits a jump sign, with crying out, wincing or withdrawing from the stimulus.
active trigger point
60
wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve fuctioning.
atrophy
61
an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
contracture
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a joint that has both articular carilage and a fibous connective tissue capsule
synovial joints
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result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue
ligament sprains
64
some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness
grade I ligament sprain
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pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers
grade II ligament sprain
66
extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling
grade III ligament sprain
67
partial dislocations causing incomplete separation of two bones. bones come back together in alignment
subluxation
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separation of bony articulating surfaces
dislocation
69
wearing away of hyaline cartilage as a result of normal use. commonly affects weight bearing joints but can also impact shoulders and cervical spine
osteoarthritis
70
symptoms of osteoarthritis
pain, stiffness, prominent morning pain, localized tenderness, creaking, grating
71
bursa are fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction.
bursitis
72
the result of repeated joint trauma
capsulitis
73
can occur acutely but will also develop following mistreatment of joint injury. can occur chronicly resulting in edema and exudation
synovitis
74
functions of bone
body support, organ protection, movement, calcium storage, and formation of blood cells.
75
types of bone
flat (skull, ribs), irregular (vertebrae), short (wrist ankle), long (humerus, ulna femur)
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most commonly injured type of bone
long bones
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shaft, covered by compact/cortical bone, meduallary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum
diaphysis
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composed of cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone and has hyaline cartiliage covering
epiphysis
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dens, white fibrous covering. contains blood vessels and osteoblasts
periosteum
80
bone fracture where there is little movement or displacement
closed fracture
81
bone fracture involving displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue
open fracture
82
signs/symptoms of bone fracture
deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain on active and passive movements, possible crepitus,
83
bone penetrates the skin
open fracture
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bone doesn't penetrate skin
closed fracture
85
fragmented into many pieces
comminuted
86
tendon or ligament pulls bone away
avulsion fracture
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incomplete fracture, common in children, sometimes seen with bowing
greenstick fracture
88
ragged break caused by excessive twisting, seen in injuries of abuse
spiral fracture
89
bone fragment is driven into the medullary space of the other part
impacted fracture
90
the three phases of the healing process
inflammatory response, fibroblastic repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase
91
once tissue is injured, the process of healing begins immediately.
inflammatory response phase
92
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), color (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)
93
the steps of inflammatory response phase
injury to cell
chemical mediators liberated (histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines)
vascular reaction (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, exudate creates stasis)
platelets and leukocytes adhere to vascular wall
phagocytosis
clot formation
94
scar formation (begins within the first few days and last as long as 4-6 weeks). blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms in this phase
fibroblastic repair phase
95
long term process, may require several years to complete. continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen = increased strength. epithelium regenerates, and connective tissue fibrosis occurs.
maturation and remodeling phase
96
limited capacity to heal, little or no direct blood supply,
cartilage healing
97
full healing may require 12 months, follows similar healing course as other vascular tissues. repair phase will involve random laying down of collagen which, as scar forms, will mature and realign in reaction to joint stresses and strain
ligament healing
98
factors that will affect ligament healing
exercised ligaments are stronger
surgically repaired ligaments tend to be stronger due to decreased scar formation
muscles must be strengthened to reinforce the joint
99
collagen will mature and orient along lines of tension, lasting 6-8 weeks
skeletal muscle healing
100
requires dense fibrous union of separated ends
tendon healing
101
nerve cell cannot regenerate after injury. however, regeneration can take place with a nerve fiber, when the myelin sheath is intact.
nerve healing
