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Atmosphere New Flashcards

neww (65 cards)

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1
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulfur dioxide?

A

SO₂

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2
Q

What are the natural sources of sulfur dioxide?

A
  • Volcanic eruptions
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3
Q

What are the human sources of sulfur dioxide?

A
  • Combustion of fossil fuels
  • Coal-burning power plants
  • Oil
  • Diesel gasoline
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4
Q

What environmental impact does sulfur dioxide have?

A

Forms sulfuric acid → acid rain

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5
Q

How does acidic deposition affect the environment?

A
  • Leaches nutrients
  • Mobilizes toxic metals (aluminum/mercury) that prevents trees fromtaking up calcium, which is critical for normal cell proccesses.
  • Damages fish eggs and plant tissue
  • Damages statues, monuments, and buildings
  • Damaged needels and leaves inhibit photosynthesis
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6
Q

What is a significant human health impact of sulfur dioxide?

A

Respiratory irritant; worsens asthma, bronchitis

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7
Q

What are some mitigation strategies for sulfur dioxide emissions?

A
  • Wet/Dry scrubbers
  • Fluidized bed combustion (produces gypsum)
  • Baghouse filters
  • Cleaner coal
  • Add limestone to soil/water
  • Cap and Trade program allowances
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8
Q

What is the chemical formula for nitrogen oxides?

A

NOx

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9
Q

What are the natural sources of nitrogen oxides?

A
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Lightning strikes
  • Forest fires
  • Soil microbes
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10
Q

What are the human sources of nitrogen oxides?

A
  • Combustion of fossil fuels/biomass
  • Coal impurities
  • Motor vehicles
  • Subsistence fuels
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11
Q

What environmental impact does nitrogen oxides have?

A
  • Converts to nitric acid → acid rain
  • Causes ozone formation → photochemical smog
  • Disrupts aquatic life pH
  • Damages eggs
  • Inhibits cell function
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12
Q

What is a significant human health impact of nitrogen oxides?

A

Respiratory irritant; increases respiratory infections

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13
Q

What are some mitigation strategies for nitrogen oxides emissions?

A
  • Catalytic converters
  • Emissions testing
  • Fuel efficiency
  • Public transport, biking/walking
  • Add limestone
  • Fluidized bed combustion (lower temps)
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14
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbon monoxide?

A

CO

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15
Q

What are the natural sources of carbon monoxide?

A
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Forest fires
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16
Q

What are the human sources of carbon monoxide?

A
  • Incomplete combustion (low temp/oxygen)
  • Malfunctioning exhaust
  • Indoor heating
  • Cooking fires
  • Vehicles, engines, factories
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17
Q

What is a significant human health impact of carbon monoxide?

A

Binds to hemoglobin → oxygen deprivation

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18
Q

What are some mitigation strategies for carbon monoxide emissions?

A
  • Ensure hot, oxygen-rich combustion
  • Catalytic converters
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19
Q

What is particulate matter abbreviated as?

A

PM

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20
Q

What are the natural sources of particulate matter?

A
  • Volcanoes
  • Forest fires
  • Dust storms
  • Pollen
  • Spores
  • Bacteria
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21
Q

What are the human sources of particulate matter?

A
  • Fossil fuel/biomass combustion
  • Agriculture
  • Mining
  • Construction
  • Fires
  • Unvented heaters
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22
Q

What environmental impact does particulate matter have?

A

Contributes to haze, smog; reduces visibility

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23
Q

What is a significant human health impact of particulate matter?

A
  • Eye/respiratory irritant
  • Lung cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Bronchitis
  • Asthma
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24
Q

What are some mitigation strategies for particulate matter emissions?

A
  • Electrostatic precipitators
  • Wet/dry scrubbers
  • Baghouse filters
  • Fix mold/ventilation issues
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25
What is the chemical symbol for lead?
Pb
26
What are the human sources of lead?
* Gasoline and coal combustion (phased out) * Old paint * Wall chips * Copper pipes (possibly as a vector)
27
What is a significant human health impact of lead?
* CNS damage * Learning issues * Lowered IQ * Behavioral disorders * Cardiovascular disease in adults
28
What are some mitigation strategies for lead exposure?
* Remove lead from paint/gasoline * Phased out → large drop in lead exposure
29
What is the chemical symbol for mercury?
Hg
30
What are the natural sources of mercury?
(Earth's crust)
31
What are the human sources of mercury?
* Coal combustion * Medical waste incineration * Gold mining
32
What is a significant environmental impact of mercury?
Bioaccumulates → toxic at high levels
33
What is a significant human health impact of mercury?
CNS damage; cognitive impairments
34
What is the chemical formula for tropospheric ozone?
O₃
35
What are the natural sources of tropospheric ozone?
Secondary pollutant → forms via sunlight, VOCs, NOx (fully anthropogenic)
36
What are the human sources of tropospheric ozone?
NOx + VOCs from cars, industry
37
What is a significant environmental impact of tropospheric ozone?
* Decreases photosynthesis → ecosystem collapse * Burns plant tissue
38
What is a significant human health impact of tropospheric ozone?
* Lung damage * Worsens bronchitis/emphysema * Eye/throat irritation * Asthma trigger
39
What are some mitigation strategies for tropospheric ozone emissions?
* Reduce NOx/VOC emissions * Electric vehicles * Catalytic converters * Vapor recovery nozzles
40
What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?
CO₂
41
What are the natural sources of carbon dioxide?
* Forest fires * Volcanic eruptions * Respiration * Decomposition
42
What are the human sources of carbon dioxide?
* Fossil fuel combustion * Land clearing
43
What is a significant environmental impact of carbon dioxide?
Climate change, ecosystem disruption
44
What are some mitigation strategies for carbon dioxide emissions?
* Eat plant-based * Renewable energy * Drive less * Conserve energy
45
What does VOCs stand for?
Volatile Organic Compounds
46
What are the natural sources of VOCs?
Terpenes from trees (e.g., conifers)
47
What are the human sources of VOCs?
* Fuel, solvent, paint evaporation * Adhesives/sealants * Treated wood * Cleaners * Plastics/fabrics
48
What is a significant environmental impact of VOCs?
Forms ozone → photochemical smog
49
What is a significant human health impact of VOCs?
* Headaches * Nausea * Eye/throat irritation * Fatigue
50
What are some mitigation strategies for VOC emissions?
* Catalytic converter * Pump gas at night * Vapor recovery nozzles * Natural over synthetic carpets * Water-based products
51
What is noise pollution primarily caused by?
Anthropogenic sources
52
What are the human sources of noise pollution?
* Ships * Sonar * Construction * Traffic * Planes * Trains * Recycling centers
53
What is a significant environmental impact of noise pollution?
Disrupts communication/migration of animals
54
What is a significant human health impact of noise pollution?
* Hearing loss * Stress * Poor sleep * High BP * Reduced concentration
55
What are some mitigation strategies for noise pollution?
Ships with quieter propellers
56
What is the natural source of radon?
Uranium decay in soil/rock (esp. granite)
57
How does radon enter homes?
Via soil, well water
58
What is a significant human health impact of radon?
Lung cancer (2nd leading cause)
59
What are some mitigation strategies for radon exposure?
* Test air and water * Ventilation under home * Seal cracks in foundation
60
What human health impact is associated with asbestosis?
* Mesothelioma * Lung cancer
61
What is a key mitigation strategy for asbestosis?
Remove professionally
62
What is photochemical smog a result of?
Forms from sunlight + NOx + VOCs
63
What are the human sources of photochemical smog?
Combustion sources emitting NOx and VOCs
64
What is a significant human health impact of photochemical smog?
* Irritation of eyes, nose, throat * Worsens lung and heart conditions * Increases lung cancer risk
65
What are some mitigation strategies for photochemical smog?
* Reduce ozone precursors: NOx and VOCs * Regulatory care * Vehicle emissions controls

Apes (11 decks)

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