Atomic Orbitals & Molecular Orbitals Flashcards
(68 cards)
What is the hybridization of an atom that participates in resonance? What is the evidence?
One orbital lower (sp3 becomes sp2) & also the LP on the atom is in P
Evidence: atom has the ability to form a = bond w/ the other atom. So, we are using the LP e- to form a = bond & so cannot be in an sp2 or sp3 orbital
Why is tetrahedral N always achiral?
Bc its undergoes inversion so fast that its enantiomers form a racemic mixture
Can e- be present in antibonding orbitals?
Yes, but only 1. If there were 2 e- in antibonding orbitals, the compound would be unstable
Which is higher in energy, 2s or 2p? Wei shi ma? Porque?? Laai’sh?
2p is higher in E bc it has a node. Bc 2s doesn’t have a node, its e- can be closer to the nucleus in the 2s orbital
How does an electron behave?
Electron behaves as both a particle (e- orbits nucleus) and a wave (2 waves in ocean overlapping to create calm waters)
What did Schrodinger do?
Help us think of electrons as waves
What do we produce when we solve Schrodinger’s equation? What do these solutions describe?
Wave function (Y or psi) are the solutions, and wave functions describe orbitals
What do Schrodinger’s equations describe?
The location of a particular e-
Probability Density
How likely it is to find an e- in that volume
Probability density = psi^2 = orbital
What chance do you have of finding a 1s e- in its 1s orbital?
95%
Where is the s-block?
first 2 columns, including He
p-block location?
right side of periodic table
What do the + and - of orbitals mean?
it deals with the + and - sides of the wave function and nothing with the charge
What has lower energy 1s or 2s?
1s because e- closer to nucleus
Aufbau Principle
Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy (e- nearest to nucleus are more stable)
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Only 2 e- can occupy same orbital and their spins must be paired (draw 1 arrow up & another down)
Hund’s Rule
Fill orbitals of = E (degenerate) w/ 1 e- first and then double-fill when all full
Which atomic orbital lobe of p orbtial do e- go in?
Any (can put e- in same lobe or 1 in each lobe); but spin of e- is up
How should you write the e- configuration for p orbitals?
Separate them!
Ex:
1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0
- fill x then y then z & then doublely fill
Hybridized Atomic Orbitals
Mixing of orbitals
Why do atomic orbitals hybridize?
To increase overlap when forming a bond and thus make the bond stronger and more stable
- more detail: when you hybridize, you bring in s-character to something that would otherwise have only had p-character & by bringing in this s-character, you bring the e- closer to the nucleus, which makes them more stable
How do you know the energy level of an orbital?
Look at the highest shell the element is in
How many hybrid orbitals do 4 AO’s make?
4
When will the s character in a hybridized orbital be bigger?
When the orbitals are in-phase
