Atomic Structure 1.1

Question 1

Developing ideas of the atom

1803

Answer 1

John dalton

Atoms couldn’t be broken down

Question 2

Developing ideas of the atom

1896

Answer 2

Henri becquerel
Electrons have a negative charge and proton has a positive charge

J Thomson
Discovered electrons

Question 3

Developing ideas of the atom

1911

Answer 3

Ernest Rutherford

Most of the mass and all the positive charge was in the Center the nucleus

Question 4

Arrangement of sub-atomic particle

Answer 4

Proton and neutrons are held in the centre by a strong nuclear force stronger than the electrostatic force between protons and electrons

Question 5

Atomic number

Answer 5

Proton number

Question 6

Mass number

Answer 6

Protons + neurton

Question 7

Isotope

Answer 7

• Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
• react chemically exactly the same ( same electron configuration)

Question 8

Caron dating

Answer 8

Radioactive isotopes have a half life ( the time taken for half of its radioactivity by half)

Carbon-14
Half life of 5730 years
Date organic matter

Decays at a constant rate

Question 9

Electron shells

First shell

Answer 9

2

Question 10

Electron shells

Second shell

Answer 10

8

Question 11

Electron shells

Third shell

Answer 11

18

Question 12

Relative atom mass

Answer 12

1/12 of 1 atom of 12C

Question 13

Relative molecular mass

Answer 13

1/12 of 1 atom of 12C

Question 14

Mass spectrometer

Vacuum

Answer 14

High vacuum to prevent ions that are colliding with molecules from the air

Question 15

Mass spectrometer

Ionisation

Answer 15

Dissolved in a volatile solvent and forced through a fine hollow needle that is connected to the positive terminal
Ion that have lost their electron.

Question 16

Mass spectrometer

Acceleration

Answer 16

Positive ions are attracted towards the negative plate

Lighter ions move quicker

Question 17

Mass spectrometer

Ion drift

Answer 17

Ion pass through a hole in the negatively charged plate

Question 18

Mass spectrometer

Detection

Answer 18

Flight times recorded, positive ions gain an electron causing a charge and becomes neutral its self

Question 19

Mass spectrometer

Data analysis

Answer 19

Sign from the detector is passed into a computer which generates a mass spectrum

Question 20

Low resolution mass spectrometry

Answer 20

Measured to the nearest whole number

Question 21

S-orbitals can hold ? Electrons

Answer 21

2

Question 22

P-orbital can hold ? Electrons

Answer 22

6

Question 23

D-orbital can hold ? Electron

Answer 23

10

Question 24

Spin

Answer 24

Two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins

Question 25

first Ionisation energy (IE)

Answer 25

Energy require to remove one mole of electrons from a mole of atoms in the gaseous state

Question 26

Trends in ionisation energy across a period Period 3 (Na–Ar)

Answer 26

Increase Nuclear charge increses ( add a proton) More difficult to remove an electron

Question 27

Trend in ionsation energies down a group Group 2 (Be–Ba)

Answer 27

Decease | Shielding

Question 28

Developing ideas of the atom | 1661

Answer 28

Robert Boyle | Some substances couldn't be made smaller

Question 29

outline how the mass spectrometer is able to separate these two species to give two peaks

Answer 29

- positive ion - accelerated by the electric field - to a constant kinetic energy - the lightest ion registered first

Question 30

What is carbon 14 used for

Answer 30

Carbon dating Smoke alarms Chemical Medical ( can indicate cancer and other diseases)

Question 31

Blip in the ionisation energy

Answer 31

Outer electron in Al is 3p orbital, slightly more energy is needed New shell Orbital

Question 32

Down a group

Answer 32

Gets bigger Atoms Shielding ( another shell of electrons added each time)

Question 33

1st ionisation energy across the period 4 elements

Answer 33

Zn --- Ga (ionisation energy reduces) It happens because different orbitals need different amounts of energy to break the repulsion between paired electrons so it is easier to remove an electron

Question 34

Relative electron charge

Answer 34

1/1840

Question 35

Arrangement of the sub-atomic particles

Answer 35

Protons and neutrons are in the centre of the atom in the nucleus, held together by the strong nuclear force which is stronger than the electrostatic forces

Question 36

Spin

Answer 36

Electrons have a property called spin Two electrons in the same orbital need have the same spin Respected by an arrow

Question 37

what is a mass spectrometer ?

Answer 37

it is used to identify elements | can be used to determine relative molecular mass