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GCSE physics > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is the approximate radius of an atom?

A

10^-10m

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2
Q

How meany times smaller is the radius of the nucleus than the radius of the rest of the atom?

A

1/10,000

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3
Q

What particles make up the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What two particles of an atom have a similar mass?

A

Protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What charge does a neutron have?

A

Neutral

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6
Q

What charge does a proton have?

A

+

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7
Q

At what distance do electrons orbit the nucleus?

A

10^-10m

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8
Q

How do electrons change there orbit?

A

By absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation

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9
Q

What is the mass like of a electron?

A

Very little mass

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10
Q

What charge do electrons carry?

A

-

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11
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Number of neutrons plus protons

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13
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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14
Q

What is the charge of an atom?

A

Neutral

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15
Q

What type of ion is formed when an electron is added?

A

A negative ion

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16
Q

What type of ion is formed when a electron is removed?

A

A positive ion

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17
Q

What are ions made in?

A

Pairs

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18
Q

What feature of an atom determines what element it is?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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19
Q

What has the smaller number atomic or mass?

A

Atomic

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20
Q

What is an isotope?

A

They are different forms of a particular element. Isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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21
Q

How was the nucleus discovered?

A

A beam of alpha particles were directed at a thin sheet of gold oil. Alpha particles were known to be positively charged helium ions which travel very quickly. They had expected all of these energetic particles to pass straight through the thin foil because they thought the atom was like Professor Thompson soft plum pudding model. Most travelled through although a very small amount changed direction and to a deflected. They were deflected by the positive nucleus.

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22
Q

Who performed the gold paper experiment?

A

Geiger and Marsden

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23
Q

What did Democritus theorise?

A

He suggested the idea of atoms as small particles that cannot be cut or divided.

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24
Q

What did JJ Thompson discover?

A

Electrons were emitted from the surface of hot metals.
.Electrons are negatively charged
.Much less massive than atoms.

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25
What year did JJ Thompson make his discovery?
1897
26
What year did JJ Thompson propose a new idea for the model of an atom?
1904
27
What was JJ Thompson‘s idea for the new structure of an atom?
That atoms were made up of a ball of positive charge with electrons dotted around it
28
What was the name JJ’s Thompsons new model of the atom?
Plum pudding model
29
Who came up with the theory of the gold leaf experiment?
Ernest Rutherford
30
Who discovered neutrons?
James Chadwick
31
When did James Chadwick discover the neutron?
1932
32
What did Niels Bohr suggest was the structure of an atom?
That electrons travel in circular orbits around the nucleus
33
Who discovered radioactivity and when?
Henry Becquerel, 1896
34
What is a nuclear atom?
An atom that has an unstable nucleus which throw out particles to make the nucleus more stable.
35
What effects the rate at which particles are emitted from the nucleus?
Temperature, chemical reactions
36
What forms an alpha particle?
Two protons and two neutrons
37
What is a beta particle?
A fast moving electron
38
What is a gamma ray?
An electromagnetic wave
39
What is the mass number and the atomic number of alpha particles?
Mass : 4 Atomic : 2
40
What can nuclei also send out as well as an alpha or beta particle?
A gamma ray
41
What is the mass and charge of a gamma ray?
Nothing
41
What are emitted from some highly unstable nuclei?
Neutrons
42
What happens when neutrons are expired from the nucleus?
It reduces the mass number by one
42
What do all types of radiation cause?
Ionisation
43
What does ionisation do to our body?
It makes irons in our body and these irons can damage our body tissues
44
How far can Alpha particles travel?
5 cm through the air
45
How far can beta particles travel?
Several metres through the air
46
What can ionise the air better alpha particles of beta particles?
Alpha particles
47
What can stop alpha particles?
Paper
48
What can stop beta particles?
Aluminium
48
What can stop Gammer radiation?
Thick lead
49
What type of radiation can travel the furthest?
Gamma
50
What is the most common kind of background radiation?
Radon gas
50
Is radioactive decay random or predictable?
Random
51
What is half-life?
The period of time taken for half the number of nuclear decay in a radioactive sample?
52
What is the activity of radioactive decay?
Number particles admitted per second
53
What is carbon dating?
All living things have a lot of carbon in them. A small fraction of this is carbon 14. So by knowing the half-life of carbon 14, you can measure the amount of carbon in an object to determine its age. For example, in a dead tree carbon 14 would be half what it is in the living tree.
54
What are the two ways radiation damages our body?
.Direct damages caused by particle colliding with a cell in our body. An alpha particle behaves like a miniature bullet and destroyed body tissue . Indirect damage is caused by ionisation. Radiation produces irons which makes strong acid in our bodies. These acids can then destroy our cells and cause mutations.
55
What is the damaging radiation particle and why?
Alpha, it does not travel far so the energy is focused in a very small place.
56
What dose of radiation is likely to be fatal?
4000 mSv
57
What dose of radiation is unlikely to kill someone but make someone ill?
10,000 mSv
58
What is a commonly used radioactive isotope when tracing in the body?
Technetium-99
59
How is technetium-99 used as a tracker for medical purposes?
The isotope is attached to a biochemical agent, which is then absorbed by an organ or area of the body to be examined.
60
What are the two main functions of radiation for medical purposes?
Traces and tissue destruction
61
What type of radiation is used to treat cancer outside the body?
Gamma
62
What is nuclear vision usually caused by?
A neutron hitting the nucleus?
62
What type of radiation is used to treat cancer inside the body?
Alpha or beta
63
What is irritation?
When a radioactive substance is in a surrounding, but does not cause any contamination. As soon as the source is removed, the area will not be radioactive.
64
Describe the process of nuclear fusion
A neutron hits the nucleus. The nucleus absorbs the neutron and Makes the nucleus unstable so that it splits into two smaller nuclei. The nuclear are left are very rarely identical and two or three energetic neutrons are also admitted. The remaining nuclei are usually radioactive and decay. The neutrons emitted then go on and hit neighbouring nuclei causing them to split as well, setting off a chain reaction.
65
How is nuclear energy made?
Just after nuclear vision has been completed. The two unstable nucleus are pushed part by strong electrostatic repulsion of the nuclear charges. In this way the nuclear energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the fission fragments. When the fast moving fragments hit other atoms, this kinetic energy reduces and is transferred to the internal energy of the atom causing the temperature to rise.
66
How does a nuclear bomb occur?
A chain reaction of nuclear fission.
67
What is nuclear fusion?
When two smaller nuclei may release energy when they join together to make single larger nucleus.
68
Where does nuclear fusion occur the most?
Stars

GCSE physics (5 decks)

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