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Chemistry > Atomic structure and the periodic table > Flashcards

Atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards

1
Q

Define the word ‘element’ in terms of atoms

A

An element is made up of atoms of the same type

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2
Q

How many elements are shown in the periodic table?

A

118

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3
Q

What is a compound and how are they represented?

A

A compound is a substance that contains 2 or more elements that are chemically combined. It is represented using a formula (symbols)

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4
Q

How are compounds formed and separated? What does this involve?

A

Compounds are formed by chemical reaction in which bonds are formed and an entirely new substance is created.
To separate a compound, energy must be added in the form or heat or electricity.

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5
Q

What are the group 1 & 7 elements known as?

A

Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals.
Group 7 are known as the halogens.

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6
Q

How do you balance equations?

A

Use a table

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7
Q

What is a mixture? Are the properties of each substance in the mixture changes or unchanged?

A

A mixture is 2 or more elements which have not been chemically bonded, meaning the properties of each substance stay the same.

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8
Q

What are the 5 processes which can be used to separate mixtures? (for each process state the mixtures it can be used to seperate)

A

The 5 processes are:
filtration - insoluble solids from liquids
crystallisation - solids from solutions
simple distillation - a liquid from a solution
fractional distillation- liquids that have different boiling points
chromatography - separate dyes

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9
Q

What is filtration?

A

The physical process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles.

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10
Q

What is Crystallisation?

A

A method for transforming a solution into a solid.

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11
Q

What is Chromatography?

A

A process for separating components of a mixture

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12
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

It separates a liquid and soluble solids from a solution or a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids

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13
Q

what is fractional distillation?

A

It is the separation of a mixture into its component parts (fractions)

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14
Q

What lead to a scientific model being changed or replaced?

A

the data did not agree with their predictions resulting in the model being changed

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15
Q

How did the model of the atom change as new evidence was discovered?

A

the plum pudding model suggested that the atom was a ball of positive charge with electrons embedded in it the scattering experiment led to a change of the model of the atom being changed as electrons were discovered to orbit the nucleus

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16
Q

What were the roles of Niels Bohr and James Chadwick in the development of the model of the atom?

A

James identified the neutron.
Niels proposed the theory for the hydrogen atom

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17
Q

Why did the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model?

A

When firing atoms through foil, some particles passed through and some rebounded. This proved that electrons orbited the nucleus.

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18
Q

What are the relative charges of protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

Protons - +1
Neutrons - 0
Electrons - -1

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19
Q

Why do atoms have no overall electrical charge?

A

Because they have an equal amount of protons and neutrons

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20
Q

What does atomic number represent?

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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21
Q

How do atoms of different elements differ from each other?

A

by the number of protons

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22
Q

What is the structure of atoms?

A

Inside the nucleus there are neutrons and protons and orbiting the nucleus there are electrons

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23
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

0.1nm or 1x10 to the power of -10m

24
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus?

A

1x10 to the power of -14m

25
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom?

A

the nucleus

26
Q

What are the relative masses of the protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

proton = 1
neutron = 1
electron = 1/1840 or 0

27
Q

What does mass number represent?

A

the combined number of protons and neutrons

28
Q

What is an isotope and what are their differences and similarities to each other?

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

29
Q

How do you use the mass number and atomic number to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion?

A

mass number - atomic number =number of neutrons
atomic number = number of protons
number of protons = number of neutrons

30
Q

What is relative atomic mass and how is it calculated?

A

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its atoms.
Isotopic mass x relative abundance/100 + isotopic mass x relative abundance/100

31
Q

How are elements in the periodic table arranged and why is it called the periodic table?

A

In order of increasing atomic number
as the rows go down, a new ring is added to the outside of the nucleus
its organised based on properties of the elements

32
Q

How does reactivity relate to elements positions in the periodic table?

A

reactivity decreases as you go from left to right across a period

33
Q

How did scientists initially classify elements?

A

they arranged them in order of atomic weight

34
Q

What were problems with the early periodic table?

A

it was incomplete since many elements were unknown

35
Q

How did mendeleev overcome the early problems of the periodic table?

A

he left gaps for the yet to be discovered elements

36
Q

How was Mendeleev proved right and why was the initial order based on atomic weights not always correct?

A

when they discovered isotopes of the same element it explained why some atoms had heavier atomic masses than expected

37
Q

Where do metals and non-metals appear in the periodic table?

A

metals are to the far left of the ladder line and nonmetals are to the right

38
Q

What is the type of ion metals form?

A

they form positive ions

39
Q

What is the type of ion non-metals form?

A

they form negative ions

40
Q

What are the physical and chemical properties of metals?

A

malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity

41
Q

What are the physical and chemical properties of non-metals?

A

brittle, bad conductors of heat and electricity, they are not strong

42
Q

How are the reactions of elements related to the arrangement of electrons in their atoms and their atomic number?

A

the number of outer shell electrons in the reacting atoms

43
Q

Why are the noble gases unreactive in terms of their outer electrons?

A

they already have complete outer shells so they have no tendency to lose gain or share electrons

44
Q

What is the trend in boiling point going down group 0?

A

it increases

45
Q

What is the electronic structure of the alkali metals and how do their properties depend on this?

A

they all have one electron in their outer shell

46
Q

What are the reactions of the first 3 alkali metals with oxygen?

A

lithium - relatively slow
sodium - quicker than lithium
potassium - so quick its hard to see that its actually a shiny metal

47
Q

What are the reactions of the first 3 alkali metals with chlorine?

A

lithium - reddish flame + white solid is produced
sodium - yellowish flame + white solid is produced
potassium - purplish flame + white solid is produced

48
Q

What are the reactions with the first 3 alkali metals with water?

A

lithium - slowly fizzes until is disappears
sodium - fizzes rapidly and disappears faster
potassium - burns violently with a purple flame and disappears extremely quickly

49
Q

What is the trend in reactivity going down group 1?

A

it increases

50
Q

What is the electronic structure of the halogens and how do their properties depend on this?

A

they are all one electron short of having a full outer shell which makes them very reactive

51
Q

What type of element are the halogens and what do their molecules consist of?

A

two halogen atoms joined by a single covalent bond

52
Q

What are the type of compounds are formed when halogens react with metals?

A

ionic compounds

53
Q

What are the type of compounds are formed when halogens react with non-metals?

A

molecular compounds

54
Q

What is the trend in reactivity going down the halogens?

A

they get less reactive

55
Q

What are the transition elements?

A

central block of the periodic table between group 2 and group 3

56
Q

what are the typical properties of transition elements?

A

high melting and boiling points

Chemistry (10 decks)

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