Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table

Question 1

Non metal elements that exist as molecules, two atoms together

Answer 1

Iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
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Question 2

Mixture

Answer 2

Two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together
-chemical properties are the same

Question 3

Ways to separate mixtures (5)

Answer 3

-filtration
-crystallisation
-simple and fractional distillation
-chromatography
These are physical processes, do not involve chemical reactions and no new substances are made

Question 4

Compound

Answer 4

A substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically combined
-elements in compounds always have fixed proportions e.g. CO2= 12g of carbon 32g of oxygen

Question 5

Ion

Answer 5

A charged particle formed when an atom or group of atom loses or gains electrons
e.g. sodium=Na+, one positive electrical charge

Question 6

Ionic compound

Answer 6

When a negative ion (atom that has gained an electron) joins with a positive ion (that has lost an electron)

Question 7

State symbols

Answer 7

Symbol in chemical equations to show if a substance is solid,liquid, gas or an aqueous solution

Question 8

A pure substance consists of …

Answer 8

Only one element or compound

Question 9

Filtration

Answer 9

When a mixture is separated through using filter paper and a funnel and pouring the mixture through the paper and funnel so the liquid drips through and the solid remains in the paper.

Question 10

Crystallisation

Answer 10

When a solution is placed over a Bunsen burner in an evaporating basin and heated which causes the water in the solution to evaporate and leave the solid crystals behind

Question 11

Simple distillation

Answer 11

When the dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent in a solution so when it is heated the solvent evaporates

Question 12

Fractional distillation example with water and ethanol

Answer 12

• water and ethanol solution heated
• ethanol evaporates first, travels up through the fractioning column and is cooled, condenses and is collected in a beaker

Question 13

Paper chromatography

Answer 13

• water and ethanol solution heated
• paper with pencil line on and ink or plant dye lowered into it
• the dye spreads up the paper

Question 14

Uses for paper chromatography

Answer 14

-distinguishes the difference between pure and impure substances by the amount of spots on the paper they produce

Question 15

John Dalton 1803

Answer 15

Thought all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms

-thought they were tiny spheres that could not divide

Question 16

JJ Thomson

Answer 16

• discovered the electron
• created the plum pudding model we’re the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in like currants in a cake

Question 17

Ernest Rutherford 1909

Answer 17

• Created the nuclear model, mass is concentrated at the centre (the nucleus)
• this nucleus is positively charged

Question 18

Alpha particles

Answer 18

Subatomic particles comprising of 2 protons and neutrons, the same as a helium nucleus

Question 19

Niels Bohr

Answer 19

• discovered electrons orbit the nucleus in shells a certain distance away
• discovered the nucleus contained protons which had a positive charge

Question 20

James Chadwick 1932

Answer 20

• discovered neutrons

- developed the model we use today

Question 21

Neutrons

Answer 21

Subatomic particles with no charge but a mass of 1

Question 22

Protons relative mass and charge

Answer 22

1

+1

Question 23

Neutrons relative mass and charge

Answer 23

1

0

Question 24

Electrons relative mass and charge

Answer 24

Basically 0

-1

Question 25

Atomic number

Answer 25

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 26

Atoms of a given element have —— number of protons

Answer 26

The same

Question 27

An atom contains equal numbers of…

Answer 27

Protons and electrons | -results in atoms having no overall charge

Question 28

Mass number

Answer 28

Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 29

Isotopes

Answer 29

Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons | -these atoms have the same atomic number but different mass numbers as atoms of the same element

Question 30

How many isotopes of hydrogen are there

Answer 30

3

Question 31

Relative atomic mass

Answer 31

The mean relative mass of the atoms of the different isotopes of an element

Question 32

Dmitri Mendeleev

Answer 32

- created the first periodic table in 1869 - arranged it by atomic weight - had gaps in it

Question 33

Periods (periodic table)

Answer 33

Were elements are arranged in rows in order of increasing atomic number

Question 34

Groups

Answer 34

Were elements with similar properties are placed in vertical columns

Question 35

Electronic structure

Answer 35

The way in which electrons are arranged in an atom

Question 36

Number of shells links to…

Answer 36

Period number

Question 37

Number of electrons on outermost shell links too…

Answer 37

Group number

Question 38

The numbers added together (e.g. 2+8+1=11) links to…

Answer 38

Atomic number

Question 39

Metals

Answer 39

Shiny, good conductors of electricity and heat and form basic oxides - loose electrons to form positive ions

Question 40

Non-metals

Answer 40

Poor conductors, form acidic oxides , dull

Question 41

Were are metals and non-metals on the periodic table

Answer 41

Metals = left | Non-metals =right

Question 42

Reaction of metals and non metals

Answer 42

``` Metals = loose electrons and form positive ions Non-metals = gain electrons and form negative ions ```

Question 43

Noble gases

Answer 43

Elements in group 0 - low boiling points ( become higher as you go down the group) - very unreactive, have full outer shells so are stable

Question 44

Alkali metals on the periodic table

Answer 44

``` Group 1 elements -soft -low melting points (becomes lower as you go down the group) -low densities Reactivity increases down the group ```

Question 45

Lithium reaction in water

Answer 45

Fizzing, becomes smaller and dissolves

Question 46

Sodium reaction in water

Answer 46

Fizzes rapidly Forms a ball Dissolves

Question 47

Potassium reaction in water

Answer 47

Burns violently, sparks Lilac flame Forms a ball Disappears rapidly, often with small explosion

Question 48

Alkali metals reaction with oxygen

Answer 48

- burns vigorously - forms a white smoke - forms white oxide on the surface of the metal

Question 49

Halogens

Answer 49

Group 7 elements, produce salts when reacted with metals Relative molecular mass, Melting and boiling point increases down the group Reactivity decreases down the group

Question 50

Covalent bonds

Answer 50

A bond between atoms formed when atoms share electrons to achieve full outer shells

Question 51

Halogens reaction with metals

Answer 51

Produce salts, held together by ionic bonds

Question 52

Halogens reaction with non metals

Answer 52

With hydrogen, produces a compound called hydrogen halide which are gases at room temp, dissolve in water and produce acidic solutions

Question 53

In a reaction, a more reactive halogen can…

Answer 53

Displace the less reactive halogen in a displacement reaction