Atomic Structure Yr1 Flashcards
(55 cards)
What is the significance of a big jump between the 2nd and 3rd ionisation energies?
A big jump indicates that the element is in group 2 of the periodic table, as the 3rd electron is removed from an electron shell closer to the nucleus.
What do the arrows in a spin diagram represent?
The arrows in a spin diagram represent the different spins of the electrons in an orbital.
How do you fill up sub levels with several orbitals in the model of atomic structure?
When filling up sub levels with several orbitals, each orbital is filled singly before starting to pair up the electrons.
Describe the structure of the periodic table.
The periodic table is split into blocks based on the type of subshell that the outer electron of an element is filling.
What is an S block element?
An S block element is one whose outer electron is filling an s-subshell.
Define a p block element.
A p block element is one whose outer electron is filling a p-subshell.
How is a d block element defined?
A d block element is one whose outer electron is filling a d-subshell.
Describe the electronic structure of O2-.
Oxygen (O) with the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p4 becomes O2- with the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6.
What is the electronic structure of Cu2+?
Copper (Cu) with the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 becomes Cu2+ with the electronic structure [Ar] 3d9.
Do d-block elements lose their 4s electrons first when forming ions?
Yes, d-block elements lose their 4s electrons first when forming ions.
Describe the electronic structure of Zn2+.
Zinc (Zn) with the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 becomes Zn2+ with the electronic structure [Ar] 3d10.
Describe the first ionisation energy.
The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge.
Define the second ionisation energy.
The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge forms one mole of gaseous ions with a double positive charge.
What are the three main factors that affect ionisation energy?
- The attraction of the nucleus 2. The distance of the electrons from the nucleus 3. Shielding of the attraction of the nucleus
Why are successive ionisation energies always larger?
The first electron removal forms a positive ion, increasing the attraction on the remaining electrons, requiring more energy to remove the next electron.
How are ionisation energies linked to electronic structure?
Ionisation energies provide information about the electronic structure of an element. The closer an electron is to the nucleus and the less shielding it has, the higher the ionisation energy.
Write the electronic structure of oxygen using letters and numbers.
The electronic structure of oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
What is the equation for the first ionisation energy?
H(g) -> H+(g) + e-
What is the equation for the second ionisation energy?
Ti+(g) -> Ti2+(g) + e-
Describe the shape of the graph for periods two and three in the first ionisation energy of the elements.
The shape of the graph for periods two and three in the first ionisation energy of the elements is similar.
Define periodicity.
Periodicity refers to a repeating pattern across a period.
How does the first ionisation energy of helium compare to hydrogen?
Helium has a larger first ionisation energy than hydrogen because its first electron is in the first shell closest to the nucleus and has no shielding effects from inner shells. Additionally, helium has one more proton.
Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?
First ionisation energies decrease down a group because the outer electrons are found in shells further from the nucleus and are more shielded, resulting in a smaller attraction of the nucleus.
Why is there a general increase in first ionisation energy across a period?
There is a general increase in first ionisation energy across a period because the electrons are being added to the same shell, which has the same distance from the nucleus and same shielding effect. However, the number of protons increases, making the effective attraction of the nucleus greater.