ATP and Respiration

Question 1

What would the uncontrolled release of energy from glucose result in?

Answer 1

Cause an increase in temperature that would destroy the cell

Question 2

How is ADP converted into ATP

Answer 2

By the addition of a phosphate molecule.

Question 3

What kind of reaction is the formation of ATP?

Answer 3

Endergonic

Question 4

What is the addition of phosphate to ADP called?

Answer 4

Phosphorylation

Question 5

What are the products of hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 5

ADP and Pi

Question 6

What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 6

Exergonic

Question 7

Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 7

ATPase

Question 8

What is respiration?

Answer 8

A catabolic process involving a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions in cells and break down respiratory substances, such as glucose, into smaller inorganic molecules, like water and carbon dioxide.

Question 9

Why is respiration described as a catabolic process?

Answer 9

Complex molecules (respiratory substates) are broken down into smaller,simpler molecules.

Question 10

Why do organisms need to respire?

Answer 10

Produces chemical energy in the form of ATP for a variety of processes e.g active transport and muscle contractions

Question 11

Two types of respiration

Answer 11

Aerobic and Anaerobic

Question 12

Define aerobic respiration

Answer 12

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen.

Question 13

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 13

Glycolysis;
Link reaction;
Krebs Cycle;
Electron transport chain.

Question 14

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 14

In the cytosol

Question 15

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Outline the stages of glycolysis

Answer 16

(6C)Glucose
↓(phosphorylation)
(6C)Hexose biphosphate
↓
(3C)Triose phosphate x 2
↓(oxidation)
(3C)Pyruvate x2

Question 17

What are the products of Glycolysis?

Answer 17

Net yield of 2 ATP;
2 molecules of reduced NAD (NADH2);
2 pyruvates

Question 18

How does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria

Answer 18

Active transport

Question 19

Where does the link reaction occur?

Answer 19

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 20

Outline the link reaction

Answer 20

(3C)Pyruvate
↓(oxidative decarboxylation) →CO2
(2C)Acetate + Coenzyme A
↓
(2C)Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 21

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

Answer 21

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 22

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 22

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria in which acetyl coenzyme A is oxidised, generating reduced NAD, reduced FAD, ATP and carbon dioxide

Question 23

Outline the stages of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 23

Acetyl Coenzyme A → Coenzyme A
↘
(4C)Acid → (6C) Acid
↗ ↘
(4C)Acid (5C)Acid
↑ ↓
(4C)Acid ← (4C)Acid

Question 24

How many times does the Krebs cycle take place for one molecule of glucose

Answer 24

2

Question 25

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 25

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 26

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 26

A series of electron carrier proteins that transfer electrons in a chain of oxidation- reduction reaction, releasing energy

Question 27

First step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

Answer 27

Reduced NAD and FAD deliver pairs of hydrogen atoms to the ETC.

Question 28

Second step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

Answer 28

They are oxidised, delivering protons(H+) and high energy electrons to proton pump on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 29

Third step in the electron transport chain(ETC)

Answer 29

Reduced NAD utilises all 3 proton pumps and so 3xATP are released. Reduced FAD utilises only 2 protons pumps and 2xATP are releases

Question 30

What is the role of Oxygen in the ETC?

Answer 30

Acts as the final electron acceptor

Question 31

Describe the role of reduced NAD and FAD in the electron transport chain

Answer 31

They are a source of electrons and protons.

Question 32

How many NAD and FAD does the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yield

Answer 32

10 reduced NAD 2 reduced FAD

Question 33

Describe the role of reduced NAD and reduced FAD in the electron transport chain

Answer 33

They are the source of electrons and protons

Question 34

Where are proton pumps and electron carriers located?

Answer 34

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 35

Where does the high concentration of H+ build up?

Answer 35

Inter-membrane space

Question 36

Where is ATP synthetase located?

Answer 36

in stalked particles on the cristae

Question 37

How many H+ are needed to produce 1 ATP?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

What is the Chemiosmotic theory?

Answer 38

The process of moving ions(e.g protons) to the other side of a biological membrane, and as a result an electrochemical gradient is generated.

Question 39

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP during aerobic respiration?

Answer 39

Protons flow down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthetase. ATP synthetase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it.

Question 40

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 40

the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner-membrane of mitochondria (called the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) to create ATP. Basically, it's just the ETC + chemiosmosis.

Question 41

How many ATP are produced from the oxidation of reduced NAD in aerobic respiration?

Answer 41

3 ATP

Question 42

How many ATP are produced from the oxidation of reduced NAD in aerobic respiration?

Answer 42

2 ATP

Question 43

Define Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 43

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen

Question 44

Which of the 4 respiratory reactions occur during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 44

Glycolysis (i.e substrate level phosphorylation)

Question 45

Why does glycolysis occur during anaerobic respiration

Answer 45

It doesn't require oxygen to produce ATP

Question 46

Why do the other 3 reactions not take place during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 46

The reduced Nad and FAD cannot be re-oxidised, so they are not made available to pick up more hydrogen.

Question 47

2 types of Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 47

Fermentation; Lactic acid formation

Question 48

Outline process of Fermentation

Answer 48

Glucose 2xNADH/H+ ← ↓→2xATP ↓ 2x Pyruvate 2xNAD ←↓ ↓→2xCO2 ↓ 2x Ethanal 2xH2 → ↓ 2x Ethanol

Question 49

Overall equation of Fermentation

Answer 49

Glucose → 2xEthanol + 2xCO2 + 2xATP

Question 50

Outline process of Lactic Acid Formation

Answer 50

Glucose 2XH2←↓ →2xATP 2xPyruvate 2xH2→ ↓ 2xLactate

Question 51

Where in the body is lactic acid broken down?

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

What is most of the lactic acid converted into?

Answer 52

Glycogen

Question 53

Define Oxygen Debt

Answer 53

The oxygen required to break down the lactate.

Question 54

Total ATP yield of aerobic respiration and show your working

Answer 54

Process- ATP yield- GLYCOLYSIS: - 2 ATP(directly) → 2 - 2 NADH/H+ → 6 LINK REACTION: - 2 NADH/H+ → 6 KREBS CYCLE: - 2 ATP(directly) → 2 - 6 NADH/H+ → 18 - 2 FADH2 → 4 TOTAL ATP YIELD : 2+6+6+2+18+4 = 38

Question 55

Name two molecules that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates

Answer 55

Lipids; Proteins (during starvation only)

Question 56

Explain how lipids are used in respiration

Answer 56

----- Glycerol → Triose phosphate → Glycolysis ↗ FAT ↘ Fatty Acids ↓ (2C)Acetate fragments ↓ Acetyl coenzyme A → Krebs Cycle

Question 57

Explain how proteins are used in respiration

Answer 57

Glucose ---- Ammonia→Urea→Kidneys ↓ ↗ Triose phosphate Protein ↓ ↘ ↱--------------------> Pyruvate Keto Acids ↓ ↓ ↳---------------------> Acetyl CoA ↓ ↳--------> Krebs Cycle