ATP PRODUCTION Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the role of chemical energy in living organisms?
Chemical energy stored as fats or sugars can be converted into other forms of energy such as kinetic energy or heat, or provide energy that drives anabolic pathways.
What does Gibbs free energy (G) represent?
Gibbs free energy (G) is the amount of energy in a system that can be used to do work while pressure and temperature are constant.
What does a negative change in Gibbs free energy indicate?
If change in G is negative, the biological reaction can proceed.
What does a positive change in Gibbs free energy indicate?
If change in G is positive, the biological reaction cannot proceed.
True or False: Exothermic reactions are also known as endergonic reactions.
False
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy for reactions, speeding up the reactions.
How does ATP hydrolysis contribute to cellular processes?
ATP hydrolysis is the source of energy for many cellular endergonic reactions.
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from organic molecules with consumption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
What is the overall equation for glucose catabolism?
The breakdown of glucose in multiple steps gives a controlled release of energy that is then harvested and stored in ATP.
Define reduction in the context of redox reactions.
Reduction is the gain of electrons, resulting in more hydrogen atoms.
Define oxidation in the context of redox reactions.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons, resulting in more oxygen atoms.
What is NAD+?
NAD+ stands for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
How many main stages are in cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration has 3 main stages.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol.
What are the products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces two NADH and two ATP (net).
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion, producing acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide, and produces 1 NADH per pyruvate.
What does the citric acid cycle produce from one Acetyl CoA?
The citric acid cycle produces 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH, and 1 ATP (via GTP).
What is another name for the citric acid cycle?
The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle or Tricarboxylic (TCA) acid cycle.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.
How many ATP are produced via oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule?
Produces 26-28 ATP per glucose molecule.
What are the two phases of oxidative phosphorylation?
The two phases are the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
What happens if there is no oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation?
The mitochondrial process in stages 2 and 3 is shut down.
What is the role of the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain consists of four membrane protein complexes that pass electrons along in a chain.
