Attachemnts

Question 1

Type A attachment

Answer 1

Insecure avoidant

Question 2

Type B attachment

Answer 2

Secure attachment

Question 3

Type C attachment

Answer 3

Insecure resistant

Question 4

Insecure avoidant ?

Answer 4

willing to explore, low stranger and separation anxiety, avoids contact at reunion

Question 5

Secure attachment?

Answer 5

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened, on mothers return they are happy.

Question 6

Insecure resistant

Answer 6

clings to caregiver, not willing to explore get distressed when mother leaves they are angry and upset on reunion they do not like stranger and cry a lot

Question 7

Schaffer’s stage of attachment 1 -

Answer 7

Anti social stage - first few weeks of infants life babies respond in the same way to humans and objects they have no sense of life

Question 8

Schaffer’s stage of attachment 2 -

Answer 8

Indiscriminate attachment 2-6 months babies have per grace for families people no strangers and get separation anxiety

Question 9

Schaffer’s stage of attachment 3 -

Answer 9

Specific attachment - 7 months one primary attachment figure 65 % with mother and 3 % with father (27 % had both)

Question 10

Schaffers stage of attachment 4 -

Answer 10

From 8 months plus by 12 months most babies from several attachments for example 75 % have attachments with father’s by 18 months

Question 11

Key study for stages of attachment

Answer 11

Schaffer and Emerson 1964

Question 12

Procedure of Schaffer and Emerson 1964

Answer 12

Longitudinal study, 60 Glaswegian babies observed at home (largely) by mothers, recorded infants separation distress and stranger anxiety in diary.

Question 13

Findings of Schaffer and Emerson 1964

Answer 13

1) the four stages of attachment 2) ‘Sensitive responsiveness’ - attachment was to caregiver who responded appropriately to signals, not the one who fed them.

Question 14

Pros of Schaffer and Emerson 1964

Answer 14

1. The was high external validity - no demand characteristics as babies and parents did observing so behaviour was natural
2. It’s a longitudinal and repeated measures no participant variables so high internal validity

Question 15

Cons Schaffer and Emerson 1964

Answer 15

1. It’s difficult to asses multiple attachments, infants distress does not necessarily signify attachment
2. It’s hard to study asocial babies, poor coordination so may just seem asocial
3. Conflicting evidence, multiple attachments easier in collectives cultures i.e findings are not universal

Question 16

Key study on role of the farther

Answer 16

Grossman

Question 17

Grossman procedure

Answer 17

Longitudinal study following 44 families from infancy to 16 years old. Assessed quality of attachments at 6, 10, 16.

Question 18

Grossman findings?

Answer 18

Fathers’ play sensitivity is a better predictor of the child’s long-term attachment representation than the early infant–father security of attachment.

Question 19

How many cases are father’s the primary care giver?

Answer 19

3%

Question 20

Findings on quality of fathers care?

Answer 20

The quality of the father’s play with the infants is liked yo quality of later attachments therefore father’s have different role to mothers (Grossman)

Question 21

Role of the farther against points?

Answer 21

1. No distinct role - children without father’s are no different so secondary attachment may be unimportant.
2. Fathers are not made to be primary attachment could argue that hormone predispose women to be nurturing the fore the primary caregiver \
3. Schaffer and Emerson found that gender and learning were unimportant in forming attachment, responsiveness to the child’s needs was the most important.

Question 22

Role of the farther positive points?

Answer 22

1. Economic implications - Fathers have important (but different) role so may want to stay home longer (Grossman). Mothers may feel freer to return to work and leave fathers at home (Field).

Question 23

Caregiver infant interactions - interactional synchrony?

Answer 23

Baby and mother mirror actions and emotions almost at the same time.
• Observations of adult and baby show synchrony at two weeks old (Meltzoff and Moore)
• Importantforattachment–Highersynchronylinkedto better quality attachment (Isabella et al)

Question 24

Caregiver infant interactions - reciprocity ?

Answer 24

One person responds to the other, a two- way/mutual process (like a conversation), 3 months+
• Baby takes an active role – can initiate interactions and ‘take turns’. Each elicits a response from the other.

Question 25

Care giver infant interactions study ?

Answer 25

Melzoff and Moore 1977

Question 26

Meltzoff and Moore 1977 procedure ?

Answer 26

Adult displayed one of three facial expressions, e.g. tongue protrusion. Child and adult filmed from multiple angles. Watched in slow motion

Question 27

Meltzoff and Moore 1977 findings ?

Answer 27

Clear association between expression and action of the child. High inter-observer reliability.