attachment

Question 1

Lorenz imprinting procedure

Answer 1

set ups classic experiment in which he randomly divided a clutch of Goose eggs. half the eggs were hatched with the mother goose in their natural environment. the other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was lorenz

Question 2

Lorenz imprinting findings

Answer 2

the incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere whereas the control group followed the mother goose. when mixed together the control group followed the mother Goode and the experimental group followed lorenz

Question 3

what is imprinting

Answer 3

Lorenz idefinited a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place depending on the species the time imprinting needs to take place depends on the species. if imprinting doesn’t occur within this time Lorenz found that attachment to a mother figure doesn’t form

Question 4

what is sexual imprinting

Answer 4

observed birds imprinted on a human would often later display courtship behaviour towards humans.
in case study Lorenz 1952 described a peacock after hatching had been reared in the reptile house. as an adult the peacock would only show courtship behaviour to tortoises

Question 5

evaluation of Lorenz - generalisability

Answer 5

mammalian attachment system is different to birds. mammalian mothers show more attachment to their young than birds do
therefore it is not appropriate to generalise attachment style

Question 6

evaluation of Lorenz- questions of his observation

Answer 6

guiton et al 1966 found chicken imprinted on yellow washing up gloves and would try to mate with them but learnt to prefer mating with other chickens. this suggests mating is not permanent

Question 7

harlow contact comfort procedure

Answer 7

harlow 1958 tested that soft objects serves some functions of a mother. he reared 16 baby monkeys with 2 wire model mothers. in one condition milk was dispersed by the plain wire mother whereas a cloth covered mother in the second

Question 8

harlow contact comfort findings

Answer 8

baby monkeys cuddled soft objects in preference to the wire one and sought comfort from the cloth when frightened of which dispensed milk showing contact comfort was more important that food

Question 9

harlow research into maternal deprived monkeys

Answer 9

followed the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect
found severe consequences in adulthood/ the monkeys reared with a soft toy or wire were dysfunctional and didnt develop normal social behaviour
as mothers they attacked their children even sometimes killing them

Question 10

harlow research into critical period

Answer 10

there was a critical period for this behaviour - a mother had to be introduced to an infant monkey within 90 days/ after this attachment was impossible

Question 11

evaluation of hallows research - theoretical value

Answer 11

harlow showed the importance of contact comfort opposed to being fed by a mother
showed the importance of early relationship for later social development

Question 12

evaluation of harlows research- practical value

Answer 12

helped social workers to understand the factors of child neglect and how to prevent in Howe 1998
also important in captive monkeys in zoos and also breeding programmes in the wild

Question 13

evaluation of harlows research- ethical issue

Answer 13

the monkeys suffered greatly from the experiment. the species is considered to be similar enough to humans to be able to generally findings also showing that their suffering was presumably quite similar
the counter argument is that the ethical issues were outweighed by the effects and findings

Question 14

define learning theory

Answer 14

a set of theories from the behaviourist approach to psychology that emphasise the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour. explanations for learning of behaviour include classical and operant conditioning

Question 15

who proposed the learning theory of attachment

Answer 15

John Dollard and Neal Miller 1950 proposed that caregiver-infant attachment can be explained by learning theory. their approach is sometimes called a cupboard love approach because it emphasises the importance of the caregiver as a provider of food. put simply they proposed that children learned to love whoever feeds them

Question 16

what is classical conditioning in the learning theory of attachment

Answer 16

• involved learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way we already respond to the other
• in regards to attachment, food serves as an unconditional stimulus. being fed gives us pleasure and doesn’t have to be learned, an unconditioned response
• a caregiver is a neutral stimulus. when the same person provides the food over time they become associated with food- when the baby sees this person there is an immediate expectation of food
• the neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus. once conditioning has occurred, the caregiver produces a conditioned response of pleasure

Question 17

what is operant conditioning in the learning theory of attachment

Answer 17

-involves learning to repeat behaviour or not depending on the consequences. If a behaviour produces a pleasant consequence that behaviour is likely to be repeated again. the behaviour had been reinforced. if a behaviour produces an unpleasant consequence it is less likely to be repeated

Question 18

attachment as a secondary drive

Answer 18

draws on the concept of drive reduction
-hunger is thought as a primary drive
sears et al 1957 suggested that as caregivers provide food, the primary drive of hunger becomes generalised to them. attachment is thus a secondary drive learned by an association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive

Question 19

evaluation of the learning theory of attachment -

counter evidence from animal research

Answer 19

-some studies show young animals don’t necessarily attach to those who feed them- Lorenz experiment and Harlow experiment.
in Lorenz geese imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them

Question 20

evaluation of the learning theory of attachment -

counter evidence from human research

Answer 20

-feeding doesn’t appear to be an important factor
-schaffer and Emersons study many of the babies developed a primary attachment to their biological mother even though the other carers did most of the feeding
shows that feeding is not a key element to attachment and so there is no unconditioned stimulus or primary drive

Question 21

evaluation of the learning theory of attachment -

ignores other factors associated with forming attachments

Answer 21

-the quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of international synchonry Isabella et al 1989.
-studies have shown that the best quality attachments are with sensitive carers
if attachment purely developed purely or primarily from feeding there would be no purpose for these complex interactions

Question 22

John bowlby evolution theory

Answer 22

Bowlby put forward an important theory of attachment, based on the work of the ethologists.​

• He saw humans as being just like other animals – we need an INNATE tendency to form attachments with a caregiver. ​
• This tendency gives us an ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE, i.e., makes it more likely that we will survive.​
• He adopted the idea of a CRITICAL PERIOD from ethologists like Lorenz, and applied this to his explanation of how human infants form their attachments.

Question 23

Bowlby’s theory of evolution

Adaptive

Answer 23

• This means they give our species an ‘adaptive advantage’, making us more likely to survive.​
• This is because if an infant has an attachment to a caregiver, they are kept safe, given food, and kept warm

Question 24

Bowlby’s theory of evolution

social releasers

Answer 24

Babies have Social releasers, which ‘unlock’ the innate tendency of adults to care for them. This exchange of behaviours between infants and caregivers gradually builds a relationship, within the early weeks of life. ​
These Social releasers are both:​
-Physical – the typical ‘baby face’ features and body proportions​
-Behavioural – e.g. crying, cooing

Question 25

Bowlby’s theory of evolution

critical theory

Answer 25

Babies have to form the ​attachment with their ​caregiver during a ​Critical period.​ This is between birth and 2½ years old.​

Bowlby thought that if an attachment is not formed within this time it will be very difficult for a child to form an attachment later on.​

Question 26

bowlby theory of evolution

monotropy

Answer 26

Bowlby believed that infants form one very special attachment with their mother called Monotropy.​
Bowlby believed the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure the better.​
The law of continuity states that the more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment.​
The law of accumulated separation states that the effects of every separation from the mother add up so “the safest dose is therefore a zero dose” (Bowlby, 1975).

Question 27

evaluation of bolwby theory of evolution

mixed evidence for monotropy

Answer 27

bowlby believed babies formed one attachment to their primary caregiver and this attachment was special in so way different from later attachment. only after this attachment was established could a child form multiple attachments. this is not supported by schaffer and Emerson 1964 a-the found that a significant minority appeared to form multiple attachments at the same time

Question 28

bowlby theory of evolution

support for internal working model

Answer 28

Bowlby suggests that children form a mental representation of their relationship with their primary caregiver. This is called an internal working model because it serves as a model for what relationships are like.​
It is suggested that IWM will impact on friendship relationships as well as the child’s later ability to parent themselves, as they base their parenting behaviours on their own experience.
Bailey et all 1007 tested this idea. they assessed 99 mothers with one-year old babies on the quality of their attachment to their own mothers using a standard interview procedure. the researchers also assessed the attachment of the babies to the mothers by obersvation. it was found that the mother who reported poor attachments to their own parents in the interviews were much more likely to have children classified as poor according to the observations. this supports the idea that a bowlby said an internal working model of attachment was being passed through the families

Question 29

evaluation of bowlby theory of evolution

support for social releasers

Answer 29

evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby. brazelton e al 1975 observed mothers and babies during their interactions reporting the existence of interactional synchrony. they then extended the study from an observation to an experiment. primary attachment figures were instructced to ignore their babies signals- in bowlbys terms to ignore their socials releasers. the babies initially shows some distress but when the attachment figures continues to ignore the baby ti responded by curling up and lying motionless. the fact the child responded strongly suggests bowlby increase about the significance of infant social behaviour in eliciting caregiving

Question 30

who was the strange situation experiment

Answer 30

Mary Ainsworth 1964

Question 31

what was the aim of the strange situation experiment

Answer 31

To observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a Childs between 9-18 months attachment to a caregiver .

Question 32

what was the procedure of strange situation

Answer 32

9x9 foot space marked into 16 squares to help monitoring
It was a controlled observation in which the child and the mother were observed interacting in 8 different scenarios (episodes). Controlled observation set up in a laboratory using a two way mirror which Ainsworth used to make her observations.

Question 33

what were the 5 behaviours being observed in the strange situation

Answer 33

Exploration behaviour - secure base will enable a child to feel confident to explore
Proximity seeking - an infant with good attachment will stay close to the caregiver
Stranger anxiety - signs of being closely attached is anxiety when a stranger approaches
Separation anxiety - sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from caregiver
Reunion behaviour - response to reunion after short period away from caregiver

Question 34

what were the findings of the strange situation

Answer 34

Ainsowrth discovered hat there were distinct patterns in the way infants behaved

• insecure avoidant attachment A
• secure attachment B
• insecure resistant attachment C

% of infants in each study
A 12%
B 66%
C 22%

Question 35

what is insecure avoidant attachment type A

Answer 35

baby explores freely but don’t seek proximity or show secure base behaviour. little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and makes little effort to make contact when the mother returns. they show little stranger anxiety -about 20-25 % of toddlers

Question 36

what is secure attachment type B

Answer 36

children explore happily but regularly go back their caregiver . they show moderate separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. require comfort at reunion 60-75%

Question 37

what is insecure-resistant attachment type C

Answer 37

seek greater proximity so explore less. huge stranger and separation distress but resist comfort when reunited 3%

Question 38

strange situation evaluation

support for validity

Answer 38

attachment decribed in this experiment is predicitve of later development. babies assessed as secure go on to have better outcomes in many areas including school,freindships and romantic relationships. Kokkinos 2007 associated insecure resistant relationships with bullying and Ward et al 2006 associated it with mental health issues

Question 39

strange situation evaluation

good reliability

Answer 39

inter rater reliability. the experiment is conducted under controlled observations because behaviour categories are easy to observe bicket et al 2012 . found a 94% agreement on attachment
However despite having good internal validity, the external validity is bad due to the highly controlled lab studies

Question 40

strange situation evaluation

culture bound

Answer 40

cultural experiences are likely to impact childrens responses
Takahashi 1990 noted the test didnt work in Japan becuase Japanese mothers are rarely separated from their child so there was a higher proportion of separation anxiety. when they returned they would rush to scoop the child up so behaviour was couldn’t really be to observe.

Question 41

strange situation methodology

Answer 41

• The mother and her infant go into a room. The mother sits, and the child is placed on the floor and is free to explore.
• A stranger then enters the room and talks briefly to the mother.
• The stranger leans forward and tries to engage with the infant through play and talk.
• The mother leaves the room. Now the baby is alone with the stranger. The stranger tries to comfort the baby if they get upset, and tries to play with them.
• The mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves -The mother leaves the room and the infant is alone.
• Instead of the mother returning to the room, the stranger returns and tries to comfort and play with the baby.
• The mother re-enters the room and the stranger leaves

Question 42

define cultural variation

Answer 42

culture refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people. cultural variations then are the differences in norma and values that exist between people in different groups. in attachment research we are concerned with the differences in the proportion of children different attachment types

Question 43

studies of cultural variations

Van Ijzendoorn

Answer 43

Marinus Van Ijzendoorm and Pieter Kroonenberg 1989 conductted a study to look at the proportions of secure, insecure avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments across a range of countries. they looked at the differences within the same countries to get an idea of variations within a culture

Question 44

Van Ijzendoorn procedure

Answer 44

researchers located 32 studies of attachment where the strange situation had been used to investigate the proportions of infants with different attachment types. these 32 studies were conducted in 8 countries. 15 in the USA. Overall 32 studies had results for 1,990 children. this data was meta-analysed being combined and weighted for sample size

Question 45

Van Ijzendoorn findings for secure attachment

Answer 45

there was a wide variation between the proportions of attachment types in different studies. in all countries secure attachment was the most common classification.

Question 46

Van Ijzendoorn findings for insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 46

the proportion varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in china. Insecure resistant was the overall the least common type although proportion rates from 3% in Britain to around 30% in Israel.

Question 47

Van Ijzendoorn findings for insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 47

most common in Germany and least commonly in Japan. The variations between results of studies within the same country were actually 150% greater than those between countries. In the USA one study found only 46% securely attached compared to one sample as high as 90%

Question 48

Simonella et al 2014 cultural variation study

Answer 48

Italian study- conducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies. Researchers assessed 76 12-months old using the strange situation. They found 50% secure with 36% insecure avoidant. this is a lower rate of secure attachment found compared to many other studies. It was suggested that this is because increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare. This suggests cultural changes can make a dramatic difference to patterns of the three types of attachment

Question 49

Jin et al 2012 cultural variation study

Answer 49

Korean study- Jin et al conducted a study to compare the proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies. The strange situation was used to assess 87 children. Overall proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar to those in other countries. However, more of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one child was avoidant. This distribution is similar to the attachment types found in Japan - Uzendoorn. Since Japan and Korea have quite similar child-rearing styles this similarity might be explain in child-rearing style

Question 50

cultural variation study conclusions

Answer 50

secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of cultures, supporting Bowlby’s idea that attachment is innate and universal and this type is the universal norm/ However he research also clearly shows that cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 51

evaluation of cultural studies

Large samples

Answer 51

combining the results of attachment studies carried out in different countries increasing the sample size. For example in Uzendoorn meta-analysis there was a total of 2000 babies and their primary attachment figures . Even Simonella et al and Jin et al have large comparison groups to previous research although their own samples were small. This increases the internal validity by reducing the impact of an anomalous result by bad methodology or unusual participant

Question 52

evaluation of cultural studies

samples tend to be unrepresentative of culture

Answer 52

meta-analysis of uzendoorn and kroonberg claimed to study cultural variations whereas infant the comparisons were between countries not cultures. within any countries there could be many different cultures Esch with different child rearing practices. For example one sample might over-represent those in poverty the stress of which might affect caregiving and hence pattern of attachment. An analysis by Uzendoorn and Sagi 2001 found distribution of attachment type in Tokyo - an urban setting were similar to western studies whereas a more rural sample had an over-representation of insecure-resistant individuals
means comparisons between countries like Korea and Italy may have little meaning - particular cultural characteristics and caregiving styles of the sample need to be specified

Question 53

cultural studies evaluation

method of assessment in bias

Answer 53

cross cultural psychology includes the ideas of etic and emic. Etic means cultural universals whilst emic means cultural uniqueness. Strange situation was designed by an American researcher based of a British theory Bowlby. there is a question over whether anglo-american theories and assessments can be applied to other cultures. trying to apply a their or technique designed by one culture to another is known as imposed etic. For example, imposed etic maybe the idea that a lack of separation anxiety and lack of pleasure on reunion indicate an insecure attachment in the strange situation. in Germany this behaviour might be seen more as independence than avoidance and hence not a sign of insecurity within that cultural context Grossman and Grossmann 1990

Question 54

define a collectivist culture

Answer 54

A collectivist culture is one which emphasises family and work goals above individual needs and desires, there is a high degree of interdependence between people

Question 55

define an individualist culture

Answer 55

An individualistic culture is one which emphasises personal independence and achievement at the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition

Question 56

define maternal deprivation

Answer 56

Bowlby used the term ‘maternal deprivation’ to refer to separation from an attached figure, loss of an attached figure and failure to develop an attachment to any figure.

Question 57

who proposed the theory of maternal deprivation and when

Answer 57

John Bowlby proposed the theory of maternal deprivation in 1951.

Question 58

what did the theory of maternal deprivation focus on

Answer 58

the idea that the continual presence of nurture from a mother or mother-substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers both emotionally and intellectually.

Question 59

theory of maternal deprivation

what is separation vs deprivation

Answer 59

there is an important distinction between separation and deprivation.

Question 60

define separation

Answer 60

simply means the child is not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure. this only becomes an issue for development if the child is deprived. brief separations are not significant for development but extended separation can lead to deprivation which can cause harm

Question 61

what is the critical period in the theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 61

bowlby saw the first 30 months of life as a critical period for psychological development. if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of a suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for an extended period during this critical period then bowlby believed psychological damage was inevitable

Question 62

effects of development theory of maternal deprivation - intellectual development

Answer 62

bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would suffer delayed intellectual development. characterised by abnormally low IQ. this has been demonstrated by studies in adoption. Goldfarb 1947 found lower IQ in children who remained in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered and thus had a higher standard of emotional care

Question 63

effects of development theory of maternal deprivation - emotional development

Answer 63

a second major way in which being deprived of a mother figures emotional care affects children is in their emotional development. bowlby identifies affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others. this prevents the person developing normal relation ships and is associated with criminality. affectionless psychopaths cannot appreciate the feeling of victims and so lack remorse for their actions

Question 64

Bowlby’s 44 thieves study procedure

Answer 64

-44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing where interviewed for sings of affection-less psychopathy. their families were also interviewed in order to establish whether the thieves had prolonged early separations from their mothers. a control group of non criminal but emotionally distributed young people was set up to see how often maternal separation/deprivation occurred in the children who were thieves

Question 65

what did bowlby identify affectionless psychopathy as

Answer 65

lack of affection
lack of guilt
lack of empathy for their victims

Question 66

bowlbys 44 thieves study

findings

Answer 66

14 of the 44 thieves could be describes as affectionless psychopaths/ of this 14, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first 2 years of their lives. in contrast only 5 of the remaining 44 thieves had experienced separation. of the control group 2 out of 44 had experienced long separations. it was concluded that prolonged early separations deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Question 67

evaluation for maternal deprivation the evidence may be poor

Answer 67

bowlby drew on a number of sources of evidence for maternal deprivation including studies of children orphaned during the second world war. however these are flawed evidence. war-orphans were taumatised and often had poor after care therefore these factors might have been the cause of later development difficulties rather than separation. similarly children growing up from birth in poor quality institutions were deprived of many aspects of care not just maternal care. the 44 thieves had bias- bowlby himself carried out the assessments for affectionless psychopaths

Question 68

evaluation for maternal deprivation counter evidence

Answer 68

Hilds 1954 partially replicated 44 thieves study on a larger scale, looking at 500 long people. in her sample a history of prolonged separation from the mother did not predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships. this is a problem as other factors may cause the outcome

Question 69

evaluation for maternal deprivation critical period may be more of a sensitive period

Answer 69

damage is not inevitable. some cases of severe deprivation had good outcomes provided the child has some social interaction and good aftercare. Jarmila Koluchova 1976 reported the case of twin boys in Czechoslovakia who were isolated from the age of 18 months until they were 7 years old - step mother locked them in a cupboard. they were looked after by two loving adults and appeared to fully recover. cases like this show that the period identified by bwoby may be sensitive one but not critical

Question 70

define orphan studies

Answer 70

these concern children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them. an orphan is a child whose parents have either died or have abandoned them permanently

Question 71

define institutionalisation

Answer 71

effects of living in an institutional setting. the term institution refers to a place like hospital or an orphanage where children live for long period of time where emotional care is limited.

Question 72

Rutter’s ERA English and Romanian Adoptee study

-procedure

Answer 72

Rutter et al 2011 followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test to what extent good care could make up for poorly early experiences in institutions. psychical cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4 6 22 and 15 years. a group of 52 British children adopted around the same time served as a control group

Question 73

Rutter’s ERA English and Romanian Adoptee study

-findings

Answer 73

-half adoptees shows signs of delayed intellectual development and majority were undernourished.
at age 11 the adopted children showed differential rates of recovery that were related to their age of adoption. the mean IQ of those children before the age of 6 months was 102, compared with 86 for those adopted between 6 months and two years and 77 for those adopted after 2 years. these differences remained at age 15

Question 74

The Bucharest Early Intervention project

-procedure

Answer 74

Zeanah et al 2005 assessed attachment in 95 children aged 12-31 months who spent most of their lives in institutional care. they were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution. their attachment type was measured using the strange situation

Question 75

The Bucharest Early Intervention project

findings

Answer 75

74% of control group came out as securely attached in the strange situation. however only 19% of the institutional group were securely attached, with 65% being classified with disorganised attachment.

Question 76

effects of institutionalisation

disinhibited attachment

Answer 76

typical effect of spending time in an institution. equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or who are strangers that they have just met. this is unusual behaviour remember that most children in their second year show stranger anxiety. Rutter 2006 explained disinhibited attachment as adaptation to living multiple caregivers during the sentive period for attachment formation. in poor quality institutions like those Romania a child might have 50 carers none of whom they see enough to form a secure attachment.

Question 77

effects of institutionalisation

mental retardation

Answer 77

in rutters study most children showed sings of retardation when they arrived in Britain. however most of those adopted before they were 6 months old caught up with the control group by age 4

Question 78

evaluation of Romanian orphans study

research support

Answer 78

Research support – There is a large body of evidence which supports the concept of the critical period and the importance of early intervention where children are being privated. Rutter’s research is consistent with Bowlby and Harlow (58). More recent neurological evidence supports the damaging effects that privation can have on specific brain structures (Chugani 2001).

Question 79

evaluation of Romanian orphans study

fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies

Answer 79

in other studies these children were often traumatised and hard to observe the effects of institutionalisation in isolation so there were confounding variable. in this case it was possible to study without these variables increasing the internal validity

Question 80

evaluation of Romanian orphans study

romanian orhpans are not typical

Answer 80

it is possible the conditions were so bad results cannot be used to understand the impact of better quality institutional care or indeed any situation where children experience deprivation.

Question 81

Kerns (1994) Peer relationships in childhood

Answer 81

Attachment type is associated with the quality of peer relationships in childhood. Securely attached infants tend to go on to form the best quality childhood friendships whereas insecurely attached infants later have friendship difficulties.

Question 82

Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) Bullying

Answer 82

Assessed the attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11 from London. Secure children were unlikely to be involved in bullying. Insecure-avoidant children were the most likely to be victims and insecure-resistant children were most likely to be bullies.

Question 83

McCarthy (1999) Friendship and romantic relationships

Answer 83

Studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type. Those assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type. Those assessed as securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships. Adults classified as insecure avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.

Question 84

Hazan and Shaver (1987) Romantic relationships

procedure

Answer 84

Conducted a classic study of the association between attachment and adult relationships. Procedure- analysed 620 replies to a ‘love quiz’ printed in an American local newspaper. The quiz had three sections. The first assessed respondents current or most important relationship. The second part assessed general love experiences such as number of partners. The third section assessed attachment type by asking respondents to choose which of three statements best described their feelings.

Question 85

Hazan and Shaver (1987) Romantic relationships

findings

Answer 85

Findings 56% of respondents were identified as securely attached with 25% insecure-avoidant and 19% insecure-resistant. Those reporting secure attachments were the most likely to have good and long-lasting relationships. The avoidant respondents tended to reveal jealous and fear of intimacy. These findings suggest that patterns of attachment behaviour reflected in romantic relationships

Question 86

Bailey et al (2007) Parenting

Answer 86

They considered the attachments 99 mothers to their babies and to their own mothers. Mother-baby attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation and mother-own mother attachment was assessed using an adult attachment interview. The majority of women had the same attachment classification to their babies and mother

Question 87

Evaluation influence of attachment of later relationships

Evidence of continuity of attachment is mixed – McCarthy

Answer 87

McCarthy supports continuity as so provide evidence for internal working models
However, Zimmerman (2000) assessed infant attachment type and adolescent attachment to parents/ found little relationship between quality of infant and adolescent attachment.

Question 88

Evaluation influence of attachment of later relationships

Issues of validity

Answer 88

most studies don’t use the strange situation but interview or questionnaire. Problems with participants being honest with response. Retrospective

Question 89

Evaluation influence of attachment of later relationships doesn’t mean causality –

Answer 89

parenting style might also affect the child’s attachment style. Also, the child’s temperament may influence.