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A Level Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death.

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2
Q

What parts are included in human growth?

A

Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, perceptual and personality development.

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3
Q

What is the difference between learning theory and evolutionary theory?

A

Learning theory - learn to be attached

Evolutionary theory - attachment is an innate behaviour has evolved.

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4
Q

What is the difference between bond and attachment?

A

Bond - set of feelings that tie one person to another (CANT SEE THIS)

Attachment - involves baby and parent (CAN SEE THIS)

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5
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of attachment?

A
  1. Seeking proximity
  2. Distress on separation
  3. Joy on reunion
  4. Orientation of behaviour
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6
Q

Why do attachments form?

A

Survival - infants are physically helpless

Short term - need for food, comfort, protection

Long term - emotional relationship

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7
Q

What is the difference between a child and an infant?

A

Infant - < 2years

Child - 2 years - Adolescence

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8
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

Caregiver-infant interaction is a TWO-WAY, mutual process. The behaviour of one elicits a response and involves (turn-taking).

  • These responses do not have to be mirroring each other
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9
Q

What will turn taking (involved in reciprocity) lead to long term?

A

Development social and language skills

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10
Q

What happens when behaviour is not reciprocated?

A

Baby becomes stressed

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11
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When two people interact in a mirror pattern in terms of their emotional, facial and body movements.

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12
Q

What research was found on interactional synchrony?

A

Takes place from as little as 3 days old.

- High levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment.

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13
Q

What is negative evaluation of observing infants?

A
  • Difficult to see infant’s perspective

- Observations of reciprocity and interactional synchrony don’t tell us purpose, only describe behaviour.

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14
Q

What is said about the role of a rather in attachment?

A
  • Quality of fathers’ play was related to quality of adolescent attachment, suggesting stimulation and play were an important role for fathers not nurturing.
  • Babies more likely to attach to person with high level of responsiveness, not gender.
    (Primary Care Givers more likely to smile, hold and imitate baby behaviours than Secondary Care Givers).
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15
Q

Negative evaluations for role of the father in attachment

A
  • Inconsistent findings
  • Children without fathers can develop normally
  • Woman more inclined to have a nurturing nature, due to their higher oestrogen levels.
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16
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson’s longitudinal study conclude?

A

Attachment tended to be the caregiver most sensitive to baby’s signals and facial expression (reciprocity).

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17
Q

What is a positive of a longitudinal study?

A

Captures data over a period of time

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18
Q

What is a negative of a longitudinal study?

A

Lots of extraneous variables.

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19
Q

Positive evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s longitudinal study?

A
  • Good external validity (conducted in participants’ homes)

- Longitudinal design

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20
Q

Positive evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s longitudinal study?

A
  • Limited sample characteristics - same town and same class
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21
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A
  • Asocial phase
  • Indiscriminate attachment phase
  • Specific attachment phase
  • Multiple attachment phase
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22
Q

What is the age range for the asocial stage?

A

0-6 weeks

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23
Q

What is the age range for the indiscriminate phase?

A

6 weeks - 6 months

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24
Q

What is the age range for specific attachments?

A

7-10 months

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25
Q

What is the age range for multiple attachments?

A

10 months +

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26
Q

What happens in the asocial stage?

A

Recognises caregivers (familiar humans)

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27
Q

What happens in the indiscriminate stage?

A

Preference for people than inanimate objects

- no stranger anxiety

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28
Q

What happens in the specific attachment stage?

A

Stranger anxiety

- Comfort from person who has most interaction

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29
Q

What happens in the multiple attachment stage?

A

Secondary attachments can form

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30
Q

Negative evaluation of asocial stage

A
  • Difficult to gather meaningful data at this stage.

- Meltzoff & Moore suggested imitation occurs at 2 weeks - suggesting babies ARE social.

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31
Q

Negative evaluation for multiple attachments

A
  • Culture dependant - Japan raised by many adults, meaning primary caregiver attachment not always formed first.
  • Difficult to measure attachment
32
Q

What scientists carried out animal study research?

A

Lorenz and Harlow

33
Q

What research did Lorenz carry out? (What conditions?)

A
  • attachment with geese.

1st condition: he was first thing goose chicks saw.
2nd condition: goose mother was the first thing the goose chicks saw when they hatched.

34
Q

What were Lorenz’s findings?

A
  • Chicks who saw Lorenz first followed him

- Chicks who saw mother first followed the mother

35
Q

Describe imprinting (suggested by Lorenz)

A

Imprint an attachment with an animal - strongest tendencies occur 13 and 16 hours.

36
Q

What is sexual imprinting?

A

Animals that has imprinted on humans, later displayed courtship behaviours towards humans.
- Case Study - peacocks eggs hatched with tortoise - tried to sexually imprint on tortoises.

37
Q

What was Harlow’s research

A
  • Aimed to find out whether baby monkeys preferred a source of food or protection as an attachment figure.
38
Q

What was the findings of Harlow’s research?

A

The monkey spent most of the time with surrogate mother providing protection, suggesting more if an attachment is formed with a figure provides comfort and protection.

39
Q

Evaluation Harlow’s research

A

Positive:
Lab - strict control of variables

Negative:
Ethical issues - psychological harm
Lab - lacks ecological validity

40
Q

What further research supported Harlow’s research?

A
  • Harlow and Zimmerman (when oversized toy added to cage) monkey would cling to cloth surrogate.
41
Q

Positive evaluations for animal studies

A
  • Theoretical value - profound effect on understanding mother infant attachment.
  • Practical use - helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect
42
Q

Negative evaluation for animal studies

A
  • Not generalisable to humans (Lorenz) bird attachment different to mammal attachment
  • Questionable findings - chickens and washing up gloves (sexual imprinting) NOT PERMANENT.
  • Ethical issues (Harlow’s monkeys)
43
Q

What are different ways we learn by consequence?

A
  • Reinforcement:
    •Positive reinforcement
    •Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment
44
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewarding when behaviour occurs

45
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Stopping behaviour by the removal of negative action

46
Q

What is punishment

A

Something that decreases the likelihood of negative behaviour by unpleasant consequences

47
Q

How does operant conditioning take place in attachment?

A
  • Babies cry for comfort, building an attachment, leading to a response.
  • If correct response is given, crying is reinforced
48
Q

What is the drive reduction theory?

A

The theory that hunger (drive) makes the infant feel uncomfortable and prompts behaviour (crying) to reduce the discomfort.

49
Q

What are negative evaluation for the learning theory?

A
  • counter evidence:
    • animal research - Lorenz geese formed an attachment due to being fed - humans care about comfort.
  • ignores factors:
    Doesn’t consider reciprocity or synchrony
50
Q

What is another name for the learning theory?

A

Cupboard love

51
Q

What are positive evaluation for the learning theory?

A
  • Some elements of conditioning could be involved in attachment
  • new learning theory - suggested parents teach their children to love the, through modelling and imitation of behaviour.
52
Q

What is evolution

A

The process of useful features, which are well adapted to the environment, being introduced into a species to increase its likelihood of survival and reproduction.

53
Q

What does the evolutionary theory suggest about behaviour?

A

You are born with an innate drive to form an attachment to a caregiver.

54
Q

What parts are in Bowlby’s monotropic attachment theory?

A

AMSSI

  • adaptive
  • monotropy
  • sensitive period
  • social releasers
  • internal working model
55
Q

What is “adaptive” in BOWLBY’S monotropic attachment theory?

A

Attachments are adaptive:

- Increase our chances of survival (our caregiver provides, food, comfort, protection)

56
Q

What is “monotropic” in BOWLBY’S theory of attachment?

A

Special attachment is formed with mother/primary caregiver.

57
Q

What are the principles of primary attachment figure - explain?

A
  1. law of continuity - more constant care = better attachment
  2. law of accumulated separation - separation = worse attachment
58
Q

What is “sensitive period” in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

A

Sensitive period - 3-6 months (if no attachment formed then more difficult)
Critical period - 6 moths - 2 years (no attachment formed - massive impact for the future)

59
Q

What is “social releasers” in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

A

Actions which provides protection

2 types:

  • Physical - e.g. baby face
  • Behavioural - e.g. crying
60
Q

What are the two features of the “internal working model”

A
  • Child can influence caregiver’s behaviour

- Attachment will act as a template for future relationships

61
Q

Evaluation for Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A
  • Mixed evidence for monotropy:
    Positive - mother is important in predicting later behaviour
    Negative - multiple attachments can occurs, mother not always most important.
  • Support for social releasers - when social releasers ignores, baby is distressed.
  • Support for IWM - poor attachments with mother were likely to lead to children classified as poor
62
Q

What are the three types of attachment?

A
  • Insecure-Avoidant
  • Secure
  • Insecure resistant
63
Q

What is type A attachment?

A
  • Insecure avoidant
64
Q

What is type B attachment

A

Secure

65
Q

What is type C attachment

A

Insecure resistant

66
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Unconcerned by separation of PCG and comfortable with stranger

67
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

Some discomfort during separation and comfortable around a stranger, when mum is present

68
Q

What is insecure-resistant attachment

A
  • Intense distress upon separation and uncomfortable with stranger
69
Q

Who created the “strange situation”?

A

Ainsworth

70
Q

What are the stages of the strange theory?

A
  • Proximity seeking
  • Exploration
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Separation anxiety
  • Response to reunion
71
Q

What is positive evaluation for Ainsworth

A
  • Support for validity - attachment type is strongly predictive of later development
  • Good reliability - good inter-rates reliability
72
Q

What is negative evaluation of Ainsworth?

A
  • Ethnocentrism - all cultural are different - all participants were white.
  • Cultural bound - Japan mothers are rarely separated from babies
  • Said to measure anxiety, not attachment (lower validity)
73
Q

What is cultural variations in attachment?

A
  • An individualistic culture - emphasises personal independence (e.g. UK, USA)
  • An collectivist culture - emphasises family and work goals (e.g. China, Japan)
74
Q

Positive evaluation of cultural variation

A

Large sample - increased validty

75
Q

Negative evaluation for cultural variation studes

A
  • Samples between countries not cultures (unrepresentative)

- Strange situation lacked validity - didn’t measure attachment, measured anxiety

A Level Psychology (6 decks)

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