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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Reciprocity

A

Responding to each other’s signals

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2
Q

Tronick’s still face experiment

A

Baby becomes distressed when caregiver turns away or has no expression

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3
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Reflecting the actions and emotions of one another in a coordinated and mirrored way

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4
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A

Baby would imitate one of three faces/gestures the caregiver performed

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5
Q

Parent-infant attachment
Schaffer & Emerson

A

Majority of babies become attached to their mother first & become attached to a SCG around 18 months (75% father)

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6
Q

Role of the father
Grossman

A

Longitudinal observation of quality of teen attachment with m and f
Fathers only have purpose of play and stimulation

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7
Q

Role of the father
Field

A

Films of 4 month old babies interacting with SCG fathers and PCG fathers
Fathers can be PCGs with a more nurturing and caring side
PCG = smiling, imitating; holding

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8
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 1: Controlled observations

A

+
Captures fine detail
E.g., captures mother & infant from multiple angles
Less demand characteristics

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9
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 2: Hard to know what is happening when observing infants

A

-
What is being observed is merely hand movements and expression
Might not be deliberate
Temperament

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10
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 3: Biological support for mothers as PCGs

A

+
Taylor
Female hormones create higher levels of nurturing; women are biologically pre-disposed to the PCG
Protection of offspring

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11
Q

Schaffer & Emerson procedure

A

60 babies - 31 male, 29 female, Glasgow; working-class
Visited every month for 1st year & again at 18 months
Mothers asked questions about protest babies showed in 7 everyday separations

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12
Q

Schaffer & Emerson findings

A

25-32 weeks = 50% signs of separation anxiety to particular adult (most interactive)
40 weeks = 80% specific, a few multiple

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13
Q

Asocial stage

A

Recognising and forming bonds
Similar behaviour with objects and humans
Happier in preference of other humans

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14
Q

Indiscriminate stage

A

2-7m
More observable social behaviour
Preference for people rather than objects
Usually accept comfort from anyone/do not show anxiety

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15
Q

Specific stage

A

7m
Start to display anxiety with strangers; when separated
Formation of a PCG

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16
Q

Multiple attachments stage

A

Extending to secondary
Others who spend time

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17
Q

Schaffer AO3 1: Good external validity

A

+
Carried out in own homes
Observation mostly done by parents
Unlikely researcher effects
More natural behaviour

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18
Q

Schaffer AO3 2: Monotropy

A

-
Alternative
Only one figure is responsible in ensuring sufficient development

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19
Q

Schaffer AO3 3: Unrepresentative sample

A

-
Same place; social class
Child-rearing practices vary (identified in SS)
Ungeneralisable

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20
Q

Schaffer AO3 4: Measuring attachment

A

-
Just because a baby is distressed when someone leaves the room doesn’t mean that is the issue
Temperament
Babies unable to clarify
Cause and effect, e.g., hunger

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21
Q

Lorenz method

A

Division of goose egg clutch
Half hatched with mother, half in incubator

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22
Q

Lorenz findings

A

Incubator group followed L; control group followed mother (imprinting)
Critical period few hours after hatching

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23
Q

Sexual imprinting

A

Birds imprinted on a human later displayed courtship behaviour towards them

24
Q

Harlow method

A

16 baby monkeys
One wire, one cloth: milk dispenser
Monkeys scared

25
Harlow findings
Monkeys cuddled cloth mother to sought comfort
26
Harlow conclusion
Contact comfort is key
27
Harlow: maternally deprived monkeys as adults
Permanent effect Monkeys going to wire models less sociable; more aggressive 90 day critical period - damage done irreversible
28
Animal studies AO3 1: Generalisability
- Mammalian attachment different to humans E.g., mammalian mothers show more emotional attachment; may be able to form attachment at any time
29
Animal studies AO3 2: Questionable observations
- Guiton Chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults but learned to prefer other chickens
30
Animal studies AO3 3: Ethical issues
- Psychological harm
31
Animal studies AO3 4: RWA
+ Helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect; how to prevent it Care of captive monkeys
32
Cupboard love
Emphasises importance of caregiver as a provider of food Child learns to love whoever feeds them
33
Classical conditioning (CLT)
UCS > UCR food pleasure NS > NR mother UCS + NS > UCR food mum pleasure CS > CR mum pleasure
34
Operant conditioning (CLT)
Positive reinforcement - crying leads to response from caregiver, e.g., feeding Negative reinforcement - baby stops crying; mother escapes something unpleasant
35
Attachment as a secondary drive
Drive reduction - hunger (primary drive): innate, bio motivator. Attachment: secondary drive (becomes generalised to them)
36
Learning theory of attachment AO3 1: Counter-evidence from animal research
- Young animals do not necessarily attach to those who feed them E.g., Lorenz - geese imprinted before fed
37
Learning theory of attachment AO3 2: Counter-evidence from human research
- Schaffer & Emerson Many babies developed primary attachment to biological mother even though other carers did most of the feeding
38
Learning theory of attachment AO3 3: Ignores other factors
- E.g., reciprocity/interactional synchrony Studies shown best quality att with sensitive carers who pick up signals
39
Learning theory of attachment AO3 4: Supporting evidence
+ Conditioning works in many cases E.g., Pavlov Dogs can salivate to the sound of a bell which they associated with food
40
Monotropy
One person is diff/more important Presumably mother
41
Continuity
Consistency of a child's care = better quality
42
Law of accumulated separation
Effects of every separation from the mother add up
43
Social releasers
Babies born with set of innate behaviours that encourage attention from adults
44
Critical period
Time bond must form if it is to at all 2 1/2 years
45
Internal working model
Template/mental representation Affects future relationships Brings qualities along
46
Monotropic theory AO3 1: Multiple attachment
- Schaffer and Emerson Found babies attached to one figure at first but continued to form multiple More than one may affect IWM
47
Monotropic theory AO3 2: Support for IWM
+ Bailey 99 mothers - assessed att quality with 1 y/o babies & their mothers & their own mothers Mothers reporting poor att with own parents more likely to share same bond
48
Monotropic theory AO3 3: Socially sensitive idea
- Law of accumulated separation = burden of responsibility on mothers: pushes them into particular lifestlye
49
Monotropic theory AO3 4: Contrasting evidence to assumption about mothers as PCGs
- Field PCG fathers have equal ability as PCG mothers to be nurturing/caring
50
Strange situation procedure
1. Child explores playroom (exploration) 2. Stranger interaction (stranger anxiety) 3. CG leaves stranger with child (stranger/separation) 4. CG returns, stranger leaves (reunion/exploration) 5. Child left alone (separation) 6. Stranger returns (stranger) 7. CG returns (reunion)
51
Secure (B) findings SS
Explore happily Proximity seek Mod sep/str Accept comfort from CG at reunion
52
Insecure-avoidance (A) findings SS
Explore freely Do not proximity seek Little reaction/need for comfort when CG leaves/returns Low str
53
Insecure-resistant (C) findings SS
Proximity seek greatly Explore less High str/sep Resist comfort at reunion
54
Strange situation AO3 1: Culture-bound
- Ethnocentric Solely a US focus - does not have same meaning in diff countries outside Western Japanese M rarely separate from B
55
Strange situation AO3 2: Not completely reliable labels
- Ungeneralisable to all At least one more: minority DISORGANISED - mix of resistant/avoidant
56
Strange situation AO3 3: Support for validity in real-life cases
+ Secure tend to have better outcomes E.g., success at school/romantic relationships Insecure-resistant = worst (bullying/adult MH problems)
57
Strange situation AO3 4: Good inter-rater reliability
+ Diff observers agree on what att type to classify Controlled conditions - beh categories easy to observe Bick - looked at IRR (F) agreement for 94% tests

Psychology (7 decks)

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