Attachment Flashcards

Question

In which of schaffers stages of attachment does separation anxiety and stranger anxiety set in?

Answer 1

stage 3 (specific attachment)

Answer 2

person who offers most skills and interactions

Answer 3

multiple attachments

Answer 4

shortly after showing attachments behaviour to one person

Answer 5

secondary attachments form with those who they spend lots of time around

Answer 6

1 year old

Answer 7

based on stage theory on observational study of the formation of early infant-adult attachments

Answer 8

involved 60 babies. Glasgow in skilled working class families. researchers visited every month for a year then after 18 months. Asked mothers questions about child's protests. Designed to measure babies attachment also assessed stranger anxiety

Answer 9

found four distinct stages in development of infant attachment theory

Answer 10

most of observations made by parents during ordinary events and reported to researchers. the alternative would have been to have researchers present to record observations. Might have distracted babies or made more anxious Means it is highly likely that the participants behaved naturally when observed

Answer 11

on other hand there has been issues with mothers being 'observers' as unlikely to be objective. Meaning they have have been biased in what they noticed and reported Means even if babies behaved naturally behaviour may not have been accurately recorded

Answer 12

generalisability due to large scale study with good design features but only looked at one sample with specific cultural and historical context so may not be generalisable

Answer 13

in asocial and indiscriminate stages day care is likely to be straight forward as babies can be comforted by any skilled adult. however Schaffer and Emerson's research tells us that day care may be problematic during specific attachment stages means that parents use of day care can be planned using the stages proposed

Answer 14

young babies have poor coordination and are fairly immobile. If babies less than 2 months old felt anxiety in everyday situation may not be subtle and is 'hard to observe in ways' Makes it difficult for mothers to observe and report back means that babies may actually be quite social but appear to be asocial

Answer 15

first observed when he was child with hatching ducks which would follow him around (imprinting)

Answer 16

set up classic experiment where large clutch of goose eggs randomly divided. Half hatched with mother goose + natural environment, others in incubator with first moving object (Lorenz)

Answer 17

whatever was the first moving object the hatchlings followed even when groups were mixed. Called imprinting where species mobile from birth follow first moving object they see. Lorenz identified critical period in which it needs to take place, if it doesn't occur chick's wouldn't attach to mother figure

Answer 18

later found birds which imprinted on humans would show courtship to them.

Answer 19

a study by Regolin and vallortigara supports chicks exposed to simple shape combination that moved then range of combination were then moved in front of them and they followed original most closely Supports view that young animals born with innate mechanisms to imprint on a moving object present in critical window of development as predicted by Lorenz's research

Answer 20

the mammalian attachment system more complex than birds. Mammalian attachment is two way process with not only baby to mother but also mother show emotional attachment to baby Means probably not appropriate to generalise Lorenz's ideas to humans

Answer 21

Importance of contact comfort - found new-borns kept in bare cage often died unless given something soft to cuddle

Answer 22

soft objects serve some functions of a mother. 16 baby monkeys with two wire models 'mothers'. In one condition milk dispensed by plain wire while second dispensed by cloth covered 'mother'

Answer 23

monkeys preferred cloth by cuddling and sought comfort from cloth when frightened regardless of which dispensed milk. Shows 'contact comfort' was more important than food when it came to attachment behaviour

Answer 24

monkeys reared with plane wire mothers did not develop normal social behaviour. however even cloth didn't develop normally. (more aggression, less sociable, unskilled in mating, neglect young)

Answer 25

concluded mother needs to be introduced within 90 days, after time damage done and early deprivation becomes irreversible

Answer 26

helped social workers and clinical psychologists understand that a lack of bonding experience may be risk factor in child development allowing them to intervene to prevent poor outcome. Also important of attachment figures in zoo programmes Means value of Harlow's research not just theoretical but also practical

Answer 27

Harlow's research caused server and long term distress to monkeys however findings and conclusions have important theoretical and practical applications

Answer 28

Rhesus monkeys are more similar than birds as mammals share common attachment behaviours however human brain and behaviour still more complex Means may not be appropriate to generalise to human behaviour

Answer 29

although human style different from birds have been attempts to use imprinting to explain human behaviour. For example suggestions that human computer users exhibit 'baby duck syndrome' - attachment formed to first computer operating system leading to neglect others

Answer 30

75% as seen with protests of baby when father walked away

Answer 31

longitudinal (studied babies attachment into teens)

Answer 32

looked at both parents then quality of later attachments. Quality of attachment with mother not father suggesting less important However also found quality of father-baby play related to quality of adolescence attachment. Suggests fathers have different role (one more to do with play and stimulation rather than emotional development)

Answer 33

first specific attachment (primary attachment) and later attachments (secondary). babies relationship with first forms basis of all later relationships. Some evidence suggests father does not take on role of primary but rather adopts emotional role of mothers

Answer 34

filmed 4 month old babies face to face interactions with primary caregiver mothers, primary fathers, secondary fathers. Primary fathers spent more time holding + imitating. So fathers have potential to be emotional focused on primary attachment figures

Answer 35

Longitudinal studies have suggested fathers as secondary have important role in child's development, involving play and stimulation. However if important would expect single mother and lesbian families babies would develop differently. But studies consistently show they do not develop differently. Means question on fathers importance remains unanswered.

Answer 36

these links of research may not in fact be conflict. It could be fathers typically take on distinctive roles in two parents heterosexual families but single mothers and lesbians and adapt to accommodate role played by father. means role not clear at all when present fathers adopt distinctive roles but families can adapt without

Answer 37

pre conceptions about how fathers do or should behave can be created through stereotypes. Used in advertising. These stereotypes may cause unintentional observer bias where by observers 'see' what they expect to see rather than recording objective reality

Answer 38

'what is role of father' is complicated. Some researchers attempting to answer question actually try to understand role as secondary attachment figure. But others concerned as primary. Former see fathers as behaving differently from mothers in distinctive role but latter see fathers as can take on maternal roles Makes it difficult to offer simple answer to 'role of father' as depends on specific role discussed

Answer 39

parents and prospective parents sometimes agonise over decisions like who should have primary caregiver role. creates pressure as mother may feel pressure to stay at work. In some families may not be economically suitable. Research into these roles can offer reassuring advice to parents suitable for all types of families Means parental anxiety about role of father can be reduced

Answer 40

Dollard and Miller

Answer 41

proposed caregiver-infant attachment can be explained by learning theory. Sometimes called 'cupboard love' as emphasises of importance of food in attachment figures

Answer 42

caregiver starts as neutral stimulus but when provides food over time they become associated. When baby expects food from person ns becomes conditioned stimulus. Once conditioning taken place caregiver produces conditioned response of pleasure (love)

Answer 43

babies crying for comfort, crying leads to response from caregiver. As long as caregiver responds behaviour is reinforced (negative reinforcement). Baby then directs crying towards caregiver who responds with comforting 'social suppressor' behaviour

Answer 44

two way process. As baby is receiving positive reinforcement by receiving food while caregiver is negatively reinforced as crying taken away

Answer 45

attachment by association between caregiver and satisfaction of primary drive

Answer 46

drive reduction (primary and secondary drives)

Answer 47

seems unlikely that association with food plays central role in attachment, conditioning may still play role. Example: baby may associate feeling warm and comfortable with particular adult, may influence babies choice of main attachment figure means learning theory may still be useful in understanding development of attachments

Answer 48

both classical and operant conditioning explanation see baby as playing a relatively passive role in attachment development, simply responding to associations with comfort or reward. In fact babies take a very active role in interactions producing attachment means that conditioning may not be an adequate explanation of any aspect of attachment

Answer 49

Hag and Uespo suggests that parents teach children to love them by demonstrating modelling attachments behaviour also reinforce loving behaviour by sharing approval when babies display own attachment behaviours. Social learning perspective has further advantage that it is based around two way interactions between baby and adult

Answer 50

Lorenz geese imprinted on first moving object regardless of food, also in Harlow's no importance of food as monkey's displayed affection towards soft surrogate 'mother' in preference of wire which dispensed milk

Answer 51

Schaffer and Emerson found that babies tended to form their attachment to mothers regardless of whether she usually fed them. Isabel et al found high levels of interactional synchrony predicted the quality of attachment (not related to food). Again suggesting food is not main factor in formation of human attachment

Answer 52

'babies eat to live not live to eat' referring to the learning theories idea of hunger being primary drive and main reason for attachments to form

Answer 53

Bowlby rejected learning theory because 'were it true an infant of a year or two should readily take to who feeds him' instead Looked at innate systems that give survival advantages (evolutionary theory)

Answer 54

lean towards one person of attachment

Answer 55

theory described as monotropic because he placed great emphasis on child's attachment to one caregiver. More time spent with mother figure/primary attachment figure the better

Answer 56

law of continuity Law of accumulated separation

Answer 57

states more constant and predictable child care, better quality of attachment

Answer 58

stated effect from every separation adds up so 0 is the most wanted percent of separation

Answer 59

innate 'cute' behaviours to encourage adults to interact and attach

Answer 60

attachment is reciprocal process between caregiver and child. There is sensitive period up to 2 years especially within first 6 months during which attachment should form

Answer 61

child may struggle with relationships later

Answer 62

child develops mental model of relationships based on their primary caregiver. A loving, reliable caregiver fosters expectations of positive relationships in the future and vice versa with an abusive or neglectful caregiver

Answer 63

influences childs own parenting style, meaning attachment patterns often pass through generations

Answer 64

bailey et al assessed attachment relationships in 99 mothers and 1 year olds. Researchers measured mothers attachment to own primary attachment figures. Researchers also assessed attachment quality of babies. Found mothers with poor attachment to parents also more likely to have poor attachment supports Bowlby's idea that mother ability to form attachments to their own babies is influenced by internal working model

Answer 65

there are probably other important influences on social development. Example: psychologists believe that genetic differences om anxiety and social ability affect social behaviours in both babies and adults. Differences could also impact parenting ability means Bowlby may have overstated the importance of internal working model in social behaviour and parenting

Answer 66

laws of continuity and accumulated separation suggests that mothers who work may negatively affect child's emotional development. Burnman suggests this puts blame on mothers for child's future and to restrict mothers returning to work. On the other hand prior to Bowlby's time people viewed role of mother as unimportant, also Bowlby ideas have many real world applications such as care workers in day care who build attachment to particular babies

Answer 67

Schaffer and Emerson found that almost every baby attached to one but minority formed multiple attachments at same time. Although first attachment strong on later behaviour doesn't necessarily differ in quality from the childs other attachments. Other attachments to family memebers provide all same qualities means that Bowlby may be incorrect that there is a unique quality and importance to child's primary attachment

Answer 68

clear evidence that cute baby behaviours are designed to elicit interactions from caregivers. Brazelton et al observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers. The researchers then instructed that babies primary attachment figures to ignore babies. babies became increasingly more distressed and some eventually curled up and became motionless. Illustrates the role of social releasers in emotional development and suggests that they are important in the process of attachment development