attachment Flashcards

Question

what was the statistical differences in attachment types between north america and the dogon tribe

Answer 1

insecure avoidant: america = 23% dogon tribe = 0% secure: america = 55% dogon tribe = 67% insecure resistant america = 8% dogon tribe = 8% disorganized: america = 15% dogon tribe = 25%

Answer 2

use the strange situation procedure and compared 87 korean families to 113 US families korean infants did not stay close to their mother but korean mothers played with their infants more similar proportions of secure attachments which suggests little cultural differences and different parenting styles can still lead to secure attachments

Answer 3

they use standardised procedure so there is high reliability meta analysis used a very large sample so it had high validity studied a range of cultures

Answer 4

the strange situation procedure is designed for the US so it may not be suitable in other cultures, could not be measuring what it thinks it is so lack internal validity there is imposed etic as it assumed all cultures are the same and we can generalise them samples used may not reflect all attachment types in that country (social class, ethnicity) only studies mothers, ignores the role of the father

Answer 5

it is a standardised procedure so is reliable however, it is designed for the US so may not provide valid data in other countries (experimental design failed, lack internal validity) only measures attachment type to one person (mother), it should look as infants attachment types to others and take an average not all infants fit into one of the three stages

Answer 6

they adopt a more play-mate role, engaging in more risk taking, physical games and sports infants turn to their father when they are happy and want to play

Answer 7

mother adopts a more nurturing role infants turn to mother when they are distressed and need comfort

Answer 8

the number of mothers working full time has increased so fathers have to be more active

Answer 9

he said that fathers are capable of fitting the mothers role but it is uncommon in most cultures instead, they tend to play different role and engages more in physically active play

Answer 10

men and women have different genetics and biology men have more testosterone which could encourage 'provider' behaviour and more physical play women have oestrogen which encourages caring and empathetic behaviour

Answer 11

men and women are brought up differently there are different gender stereotypes and expectations boys are expected to be more boisterous and engage in physical play girls are expected to be affectionate and play with dolls

Answer 12

research suggests that men are not biologically programmed to be sensitive and nurturing and therefore they cannot undertake the same role as the mother

Answer 13

fathers are less able to detect low levels of infant distress they lack oestrogen which means they are unable to form the same caring attachments fathers role is biologically determined due to their genetic makeup

Answer 14

women have different body parts, they are able to breastfeed which gives them a more natural opportunity for physical contact women produce more oxytocin which encourages an emotional connection, however recent research shows men also have elevated oxytocin levels

Answer 15

fathers do form close attachments he found that fathers engage more in game playing and held infants less

Answer 16

this is behaviours that are shown in primary caregiver fathers that suggest they are capable of being nurturing

Answer 17

mother is more likely to form a primary attachment but father can also get attached they found dad as the primary attachment in 3% of cases

Answer 18

the quality of the mother-child attachment could predict childs future attachments (IWM) but the father-child attachment can't which suggests it is less important

Answer 19

employment laws and policy: - increased paternity laws, employers have to pay for this time - however, men having more time off means women may take less leave - additionally, parents may divide leave so each works part time, less cover issues

Answer 20

according to learning theory, the baby has to learn to form an attachment with his mother. by the process of classical conditioning, the baby forms an association between the mother (NS) and the feeling of pleasure that comes from being fed (innate, UR). at first, the baby simply feels comforted by food. however each time he is fed, the mother is there too. he quickly associates the mother with the pleasure of being fed. before long, the mother stimulates a feeling of pleasure on her own, even wthout food. this means the baby feels happy when the mother is near, it is the beginning of an attachment

Answer 21

the baby learns to form an attachment through trial and error/positive and negative reinforcement 1. the caregiver rewards the infant by feeding him 2. the infant associates the caregiver with the reward so repeats any action to bring her close this happens because food brings pleasure (primary reinforcer) so reinforces actions that bring its arrival but food never comes without the caregiver (secondary reinforcer) so the presence of caregiver brings pleasure and infant will repeat actions to bring caregiver close

Answer 22

believe attachments are formed through p+n reinforcement 1. infant enters drive state when hungry so highly motivated to get food 2. being fed is positive reinforcement 3. behaviour rewarded by food becomes primary reinforcer 4. person supplying food is secondary reinforcer 5. infants seeks secondary reinforcer as they are associated with reward

Answer 23

it is scientific research which makes it reliable however... it is very reductionist as it only considers food as a cause for attachment, ignores reciprocity, sensitive responding, etc. it is deterministic as it assumes infants will attach to whoever feeds it, some evidence proves attachments are formed to others (schaffer + emerson say quality is more important) the theory does not address why parents become attached to their children

Answer 24

Attachment formation is innate and adaptive, It helps to ensure our survival. Bowlby believed that we form one monotropic attachment, typically to the mother and this becomes the IWM, a scheme that we base all adult relationships on. From this, he formulated his continuity hypothesis, predicting that early attachments continue to affect us into adulthood. He also believed that babies have physical and behavioural releases that unlock the innate tendency in adults to care for them. Similarly to Lorenz, he believed that babies had a critical period of 2.5 years to form this monotropic attachment or they would be damaged socially, emotionally, intellectually and physically.

Answer 25

monotropy appears to be universal which suggests that it must be biological research shows that early poor parenting has negative long term effects on later relationships research showed that even when cared for by multiple carers, one monotropic bond with mum still occurs (kibbutz)

Answer 26

research suggests that children can still form healthy attachments outside critical period the importance of monotropy is overemphasised, having multiple attachments can provide different benefits it is deterministic as it assumes we have no free will, ignores that infants form multiple attachments in early childhood it is reductionist as it puts it all on biology, ignores nurture and reduces bonding down to survival mechanisms

Answer 27

it ignores the role of the father places responsibility on the mum to ensure the child can form healthy relationships which subjects them to guilt and pressures them into not working during the critical period

Answer 28

questioned whether there was actually a critical period replicated lorenzs study with ducklings found that it was possible to imprint after critical period concluded that it was instead a sensitive period

Answer 29

raised newborn monkeys in isolation for 3, 6, 12, 24 months they displayed signs of disturbance, rocking, hugging own body fearful and didn't socially interact when placed with other monkeys harmed themselves and others degree of damage positively correlated with time in isolation when adult they had no ability to sexually engage females forcibly mated and abused children

Answer 30

raised newborn monkeys in isolation for 6 months then placed with regularly raised 3 month old, female therapist monkey for 3x a week by 12 months they were almost normal by 3 years they were normal suggests the effects are reversible

Answer 31

humans and monkeys are similar (harlow) green: all mammals have the same biological brain structure practical application: harlows research had implications for childcare, just taking care of a childs physical needs is insufficient

Answer 32

results can't be generalised to humans unlikely that animal study findings reflect emotional connection of human attachments human behaviours are complex research could be considered unethical

Answer 33

used questionnaires sample of 196 children aged 7 - 11 in london found that attachment type correlated with childhood behaviour secure: best quality friendships, unlikely to bully/be bullied resistant: poorer quality friendships, likely to be a bully avoidant: poorer quality friendships, likely to be bullied

Answer 34

found that 3 - 5 year old securely attached children were more curious, competent and confident they formed better friendships and got on well with others

Answer 35

attachment made to peers in later childhood reflects those made to parents in childhood

Answer 36

conducted the love quiz investigate impacts of early attachments

Answer 37

620 replies to the love quiz were printed in american local paper and analysed the quiz had 3 sections 1. assessed current/most important relationship 2. assessed general love experiences 3. assessed attachment type

Answer 38

56% securely attached, most likely to have good and longer relationships 25% insecure-avoidant, jealousy and fear of intimacy 19% insecure-resistant

Answer 39

studied 40 women with insecure childhood attachments avoidant = less successful resistant = problems forming relationships supports IWM

Answer 40

early attachments don't predict later relationships life events are more influential, such as parent divorce doesn't support IWM

Answer 41

studied 300 dating couples for 3 years secure early attachments led to more stable relationships supports IWM

Answer 42

there is only a small correlation between early attachment and adult romantic relationships doesn't support IWM

Answer 43

IWM affects ability to parent children we base our parenting style on IWM attachment types are passed down generations

Answer 44

assessed 99 mothers with 1 year old babies assessed the mothers attachment to their mother used interviews assessed attachment of babies using observation found links between the two attachment types supports IWM

Answer 45

there is mixed evidence on the continuity of attachment most studies of the influence of early attachments lack validity as they are retrospective an association between early and later life attachments does not always mean causality

Answer 46

caregiver and child are apart for a short amount of time (days/weeks) and there is no lasting, long term effects

Answer 47

child experiences long term (months/years) or multiple separations from caregiver, there is long term negative effects

Answer 48

the child has never had a chance to form an attachment due to receiving no/very little emotional care, there is serious long term effects

Answer 49

they wanted to investigate how children responded when separated from their usual caregiver studied children between 1-4 years old, whose parents place them in residential nurseries identified that children show 3 progressive stages in response to separation (PDD) children separated from their parents need emotional and physical care

Answer 50

1. protest 2. despair 3. detachment

Answer 51

the child cries and calls for mother, they are distraught and panicked this stage lasted several hours to a week

Answer 52

child becomes apathetic + uninterested in surroundings they still showed a need for their mother

Answer 53

the child cries less and becomes more alert and interested seems to be coping but at the cost of suppressing feelings for the mother showed indifference to the mother on return often angry and rejecting

Answer 54

the care of children in hospitals and other institutions was radically changed hospitals began to encourage parents to stay with children bowlby used this research to devise his mdh and conclude that separation is bad for children ignores individual differences between children effects will depend on other factors

Answer 55

children that have a substitute emotional caregiver show less signs of distress maintain contact, eg. calls, texts, visits

Answer 56

proposed 20 years before his explanation of attachment (evolutionary theory) bowlby believed that if a child was unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his caregiver, the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people and be at risk of behavioural disorders he believed that if children experience repeated separations before the age of 2.5 years, they are likely to become emotionally disturbed. he felt that the risk of disturbance continued up to the age of 5

Answer 57

deliquency reduced intelligence increased aggression depression affectionless psychopathy

Answer 58

impacts the economy as women feel pressured to stay at home with their children to be deemed a good mother, impacts how many people are available to work hospitals encourage parents to stay with their children

Answer 59

age when found length of time in privation level of privation (severity) if they have someone to form any attachment to aftercare

Answer 60

case studies have high validity as they give lots of information high ecological validity as it is a real life situation low reliability as it can't be replicated therefore can't really generalise

Answer 61

useful as the research can't ethically be conducted on humans not useful as the findings can't necessarily being extrapolated to humans

Answer 62

refers to living in an institutional setting where children can stay for long, continuous periods of time

Answer 63

communist dictator wanted to boost pop so banned abortion and birth controlled every woman had to have min 5 babies so lots were abandoned when he died in 1989, 150k students in orphanages received no love, attention or care tied down, unwashed, reused nappies, two to a bed

Answer 64

studied 111 romanian orphans adopted in the uk before the age of 2 (crit period) by age 4, they had caught up with age related milestones age at adoption was negatively correlated with attainment of developmental milestones children originally malnourished and mentally retarded he concluded that the longer they experience privation, the longer it takes to recover but recovery is possible

Answer 65

studied 165 romanian orphans assessed them at 4, 6, 11 + 15 years children adopted by british families before age of 6 months showed normal development levels suggests long term consequences of privation may not be as severe is child can form attachment before 6 months old

Answer 66

bucharest early intervention project assessed attachment in 95 children (12 - 31 months) who spent most of their lives in institutional care compared to control group of 50 children used strange situation + asked carers about any unusual social behaviour (clingy, attention seeking = disinhibited attachment) control group = 74% securely attached institutional group = 19% securely attached 65% disorganised (insecure avoidant + resistant) 44% disinhibited

Answer 67

disinhibited attachment mental retardation

Answer 68

they will attach to anyone no stranger anxiety rutter believed this was an adaption to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period

Answer 69

rutters study - many displayed this on arrival to britain but those adopted before 6 months fully recovered research has found that the brains of young adults adopted from romania were 8.6% smaller than adopted children from england

Answer 70

PET scans of 10 adopted romanian orphans showed mild neurocognitive impairment, impulsivity and attention/social deficits compared to control of 17 adults and 7 children r.ophans showed significantly decreased activity in orbital frontal gyrus, parts of the prefrontal cortex/hippocampus, the amygdala and the brain stem concluded that dysfunction in these regions are from stress of privation brains 8.6% smaller