Attachment

Question 1

Definition of attachment

Answer 1

Emotional tie or bond between two people

Question 2

Definition of Reciprocity

Answer 2

When a infant responds to the actions of another person in the form of turn taking.

Question 3

Definition of interactional synchrony

Answer 3

When a infact and caregiver perfrom the same action, facial expression simultaneously

Question 4

What is the name of the TWO people that did a key study for interactional synchrony.

Answer 4

Meltzoff and Moore

Question 5

What is the name of the person who believes that interaction is like a ‘dance’

Answer 5

Berezlton et al

Question 6

Who says that reciprocy increases when the infant and caregiver pay more attention to eachother.

Answer 6

Feldman

Question 7

What type of observation did meltzoff and moore use to examine interactional synchrony in infants?

Answer 7

Controlled observation

Question 8

Explain how metzoff and moore performed their study on interactional synchrony.

Answer 8

They made an adult pull 1 facial expression out of three or do a hand gesture
Then they took the dummy out of the infants mouth and recorded their actions

Question 9

What were the conclusions of meltzoff and moores study into interactional synchrony?

Answer 9

Interactional synchrony is inate which helps to deflect the idea that inate behaviour is learnt.

Question 10

Provide limitations of meltzoff and moores research into interactional synchrony.

Answer 10

Questionable reliability- were the children really showing reciprocity and IS or were they just by mistake.
Mythological problems- observer bias- did they alter the results to support their findings.

Question 11

What are the 4 stages of attachment?

Answer 11

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Descriminate (specific)
Multiple attachments

Question 12

What are the names of the two people that did a study where they examined the formation of early attachments?

Answer 12

Shaffer and Emerson

Question 13

How many children were observed was Schaffers and Emersons study ?

Answer 13

60 babies (31 males and 29 females)

Question 14

Where were the babies from in Schaffers and Emersons study?

Answer 14

Working class homes in glasgow

Question 15

How old were the babies in schaffers and emersons study and how oten did they visit their homes?

Answer 15

5-23 weeks
Every month for 12 months
Then once after 18 months

Question 16

Provide the method of schaffers and emersons study

Answer 16

They went to 60 different infant house holds and observed and interviewed each mother in relation to their childs seperation and stranger anxiety in their developming stages in life.

Question 17

What did schaffer and emerson find?

Answer 17

Around 25-32 weeks, 50% of the children showed seperation anxiety towards the mother. (expeected discriminate stage)
By 40 weeks, 80% of children had a specific attachment and 30% has sttarted forming multiple attachments.

Question 18

Provide one strength of Schaffers and emmersons reseach

Answer 18

High external validity- performed in the participants house

Question 19

Critisisms of schaffers and emersons research

Answer 19

Social desirablility bias
Lacks population validity

Question 20

What is the role of the father

Answer 20

Acts as the playmate for an infant rather than a are care giver

Question 21

How does Sexual imprinting to Lorenzes imprinting study?

Answer 21

Early attachment influences later mate preferences.

Question 22

What is negative to institutionalisation?

Answer 22

A lack of emotional care can lead to disinhibited attachment (overly friendly with anyone)
Damage to intellectual development- mental retardation (low IQ due to a lack of stimulation)

Question 23

What is maternal deprivation?

Answer 23

The emotional and intellectual consequence of the loss of emotional care between the child and the mother.

Question 24

Risks of maternal deprivation?

Answer 24

Lower intellectual development- mental retardation
Risk of low emotional development- affectionless psychopathy

Question 25

What is the internal working model

Answer 25

Mental representation of our relationships with our primary caregiver that becomes a template for future relationships.

Question 26

What is the monotropic theory?

Answer 26

Emphasis on a childs attachment to one caregiver.

Question 27

What is the critical period?

Answer 27

An attachment must be formed within this time if it is to form at all.

Question 28

How long is the critical period?

Answer 28

6 months to 2.5 years

Question 29

What does an Insecure resistant attachment look like.

Answer 29

Type of insecure attachment where the infant is clingy and dependant but rejects the caregiver when they return.

Question 30

Features of an insecure resistant relationship.

Answer 30

Babies explore less and seek greater proximity

Question 31

What is an insecure avoidant relationship (20-25%)

Answer 31

Infants show indifference when the caregiver leaves and avoids them on return.

Question 32

Features of an insecure avoidant relationship.

Answer 32

Babies explore freely but do not seek proximity Shows little to now separation/ stranger anxiety

Question 33

What is a secure attachment

Answer 33

Moderate Seperation anxiety Requires and accepts comfort.

Question 34

A03 for attachment

Answer 34

S- sign post ( moving away from A01) P- point ( what is the strength what is the limitation) E- evidence (example, study) E- explain(why your evidence supports your point) L- link back to the question