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paper 1 psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What is attachment?

A

close two way emotion bond between two individuals, where both individuals see the other as their emotional security

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3
Q

Attachment behaviors

A

Proximity- staying close to attachment figure
Separation distress- being upset when an attachment figure leaves
Secure- base attachment- babies leaving the attachment figure but regularly returning to them

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4
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When babies and caregivers take turns to respond to each other- they respond to and elicit responses from each other

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5
Q

reciprocity - alert phases

A

Alert phases- when babies are ready for interaction
mothers successfully respond around 2/3rds of the time
From three months the interaction becomes more intense

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6
Q

Reciprocity- active role of babies

A

Babies are active participants and both caregiver and baby can initiate interactions and take turns to do so

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7
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Mother and infant reflect the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated way.
IS is observed in babies from around two weeks old
high levels of synchrony lead to better attachment

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8
Q

Interactional synchrony- two studies

A

Moore- Found babies from 2 weeks old displayed IS
Isabella et al- 30 mothers + babies- assessed IS and quality of attachment

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9
Q

Strength- filmed observation

A

Mother- baby interactions are often filmed from multiple angles
babies don’t know they are being filmed
good reliability and validity

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10
Q

Limitation of research- difficulty observing babies

A

Hard to observe their behavior as they aren’t well coordinated
hard to interpret babies movements

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11
Q

Limitation- difficulty inferring developmental importance

A

Reciprocity and synchrony are robust but doesn’t show their purpose

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12
Q

Stages of attachment

A

Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific, Multiple

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13
Q

Asocial stage

A

baby behavior similar toward humans and non-humans

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14
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

preference for people over objects

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15
Q

Specific attachment

A

stranger and separation anxiety

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16
Q

Multiple attachments

A

secondary attachments form

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17
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)- procedure

A

60 Glasgow babies studied monthly

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18
Q

Schaffer and Emerson findings

A

Sensitive responsiveness > who fed most

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19
Q

Strength - external validity

A

natural behavior

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20
Q

Limitation - poor evidence for asocial

A

baby immobility makes attachment hard to measure

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21
Q

Limitation - conflicting evidence on multiple attachments

A

cultural differences (collectivist vs individualistic)

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22
Q

Statistics of primary attachment figure

A

Most first attachments to mothers
3% fathers, 27% both
75% attached to father by 18 months

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23
Q

Distinctive role of father - Grossmann

A

Father’s role more about play and stimulation

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24
Q

Fathers being primary attachment figures

A

PCG fathers act like mothers

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25
Strength - filmed observations
high reliability
26
Strength - findings in parenting advice
Reduces parental anxiety
27
Limitation - confusion of research question
Different focus depending on study
28
Lorenz - procedure
Imprinting in geese
29
Lorenz - findings
Critical period for imprinting
30
Lorenz's impact
Sexual imprinting
31
Harlow - procedure
Monkeys with wire and cloth mothers
32
Harlow - findings
Contact comfort > food
33
Harlow's impact
Deprivation causes aggression, poor social skills
34
Strength - Lorenz - support for innate imprinting
35
Limitation - generalizing to humans
36
Strength - Harlow - real world value
37
Learning theory of attachment
Classical and operant conditioning
38
Classical conditioning
Association of caregiver with food and comfort
39
Operant conditioning
Crying positively reinforced
40
Negative reinforcement
Baby stops crying = caregiver comforted
41
Drive reduction
Hunger drive generalized to attachment
42
Limitations
Lorenz and Harlow disproved feeding explanation
43
Strength
Some associations may still play a role
44
Bowlby's monotropic theory
One primary attachment figure
45
Two laws
Continuity and accumulated separation
46
Social releasers
Cute behaviors to trigger caregiving
47
Critical period
About 2 years
48
Internal working model
Template for future relationships
49
Strength - social releasers evidence
Brazelton study
50
Strength - internal working model evidence
Bailey et al
51
Ainsworth Strange Situation - procedure
Controlled observation, lab, 7 episodes
52
Findings
Secure (B), Avoidant (A), Resistant (C)
53
Strength - inter-rater reliability
94% agreement
54
Strength - predictive validity
Secure predicts good outcomes
55
Limitation - culture bound
Different meaning in other cultures
56
Meta-analysis Van Ijzendoorn
Global patterns of attachment
57
Simonelli study
Lower secure attachment rate in modern Italy
58
Limitations
Confounding variables
59
Strength
Indigenous researchers used
60
Limitation
Imposed etic
61
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation
Emotional care critical early on
62
Critical period
First 2.5 years
63
Intellectual development
Low IQ without maternal care
64
Emotional development
Affectionless psychopathy
65
44 thieves study
Link between prolonged separation and affectionless psychopathy
66
Limitations
Flawed evidence (bias) Deprivation vs privation confusion (Rutter) Critical period more sensitive than rigid
67
Rutter Romanian study
165 orphans, assessed at 4, 6, 11, 15, 22-25
68
Findings
Earlier adoption = higher IQ After 6 months = disinhibited attachment
69
Zeanah study
Institutionalised vs control group
70
Effects of institutionalisation
Disinhibited attachment Low IQ
71
Strength - real world application
Better institutional care now
72
Influence of early attachment on later relationships
Internal working model
73
Childhood
Secure = good friendships Avoidant = bullied Resistant = bullies
74
Adulthood
Secure = long relationships Avoidant = fear of intimacy
75
Parenting
Bailey study: attachments passed down
76
Hazan and Shaver love quiz
Secure = better relationships
77
Strength - supporting research
Fearon study
78
Limitations
Retrospective study validity Confounding variables

paper 1 psychology (4 decks)

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