attachment 2 - stages of attachment (schaffer) Flashcards
define validity
whether something is true or legitimate
define internal validity
a measure of whether results obtained are solely affected by changes in the independent variable in a cause and effect relationship
external validity
a measure of whether data can be generalised to other situations outside of the research environment
define reliability
the consistency of research study or measuring test
describe internal reliability
the internal consistency of a measure (such as whether the different questions in a questionnaire are all measuring the same construct)
describe external reliability
the consistency of a measure from one use to another (re taking an iq test one year later with similar results)
when was the study by schaffer and emerson?
1964
what was the sample for schaffer and emerson’s study? (age, gender, area, class)
60 babies, 31 male and 29 female, glasgow, skilled working class families
how did schaffer and emerson conduct their study?
babies and mothers visited every month for the first year, and again at 18 months
the researchers asked the mothers questions about their babies protest to separation and also measured their reaction to stranger anxiety
what percentage of babies showed signs of separation anxiety (usually the mother) between 25 and 32 weeks and what is this called?
50%, specific attachment
what percentage of babies had a specific attachment by the age of 40 weeks?
80%
what percentage of babies displayed multiple attachments by the age of 40 weeks in the study?
30%
when is the asocial stage?
first few weeks
when is the indiscriminate attachment stage?
2-7 months
when is the specific attachment stage?
around 7 months
what happens to babies behaviour shortly after stage three? what is this called?
babies start to show attachment behaviour to other adults (secondary attachments)
by what age will the majority of infants have developed multiple attachments?
one year
explain how schaffer and emerson’s study has good external and internal validity
the babies behaviour is unlikely to have been affected by observers being present. there is an excellent chance that everyone taking part was acting naturally. therefore it has good external and internal validity.
define temporal validity
whether data applies to other time periods or not
define a longitudinal study
a study carried out with the same participants over a long period of time
describe a cross sectional design in relation to a longitudinal design
a cross sectional design involves taking different children at different ages and doing the research all at once
why do longitudinal studies have better internal validity?
they eliminate confounding variables such as difference in parenting styles
why is limited sample characteristics a weakness of schaffer and emerson’s study?
they all came from a similar background, area and social class.
child rearing practices vary between cultures and time periods. these results do not necessarily generalise well to other social and historical contexts
how does the baby’s behaviour towards non human objects and humans compare in the asocial stage?
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