Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology (Paper 1) > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is interactional synchrony

A

When infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of the carers spoken language to create mirroring, turn taking conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is reciprocity

A

Interactions/mutual behaviours where both parties produces responses to fortify the attachment bond, responses not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Tronik et al research

A

Reciprocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Condon and Sander research

A

Interactional synchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What stage of attachment is 3-8 months

A

Indiscriminate attachment phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the last attachment stage called

A

Multiple attachment stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of the pre attachment phase

A

Infants become attracted to other humans, prefer them to objects and events, they smile and interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What stage of attachment is where infants have specific attachments, stay close to particular people, show stranger anxiety and separation protest

A

Discriminate attachment phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A) what age was separation protest displayed
B) what age was stranger anxiety shown
in Shaffer and Emmerson’s experiment

A

6-8 months

From 9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How was separation protest investigated in S&E’s experiment

A

Infant left alone in room, with others, in pram in strange environment, held/passed around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were the results of S&E’s experiment after 18 months

A

87% at least 2 attachments

31% 5 or more attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What % of infants had their prime attachment as not the primary caregiver in SE’s experiment

A

39%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why did the researcher in S&E’s experiment approach the infant immediately on entry

A

To investigate stranger anxiety by seeing if this distressed the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sensitive responsiveness

A

Recognising and responding appropriately to an infants needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting the role of the father

A

Degree of sensitivity
Type of attachment between father and parent
Marital intimacy
Supportive co parenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Lorenz investigate

A

Imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did Harlow research attachment in animals

A

16 monkeys - towelling mother vs wired feeding mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Harlow investigate

A

The learning theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Evaluate Harlow’s study

A

Cannot necessarily be extrapolated to humans
Psychological harm
Physical harm - diarrhoea
Unethical environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many conditions were there in Harlow’s experiment and what were they

A

4
Feeding wired mother
Feeing towelling mother
Feeding wired mother and regular towelling mother
Regular wired mother and feeding towelling mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the principles of the learning theory

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give 2 strengths and 2 limitations of the cupboard love theory

A

CC and OC are well established theories
Babies are fed 2000 times a year
Reductionist - attachments are complex and have intense emotional involvement, conditioning best explains simple behaviour
Attachments develop with those who don’t feed infants
Infants require constant comfort and security but not constant food
Harlow contradicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

A

Innate, evolutionary, survival
Social releasers
Critical period
Internal working model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the internal working model

Study These Flashcards
A

Hierarchy of attachment, template/blueprint = continuity hypothesis

25
What is the continuity hypothesis
States that attachments characterise humans throughout life, patterns established in early attachment structure the quality if bonds for later relationships
26
How can we use S&E to evaluate Bowlby's Monotropic theory
Supports: 1 prime attachment Contracicts: multiple attachments are the norm
27
What are the 3 types of attachment
``` Insecure avoidant (A) Secure (B) Insecure resistant (C) ```
28
How many conditions were there in the strange situation
8, 3 minutes each, behaviour observed every 15 seconds
29
What were the findings of Ainsworths strange situation experiment
A 15% B 70% C 15%
30
What did Ainsworth conclude
Sensitive responsiveness determines quality of attachment as sensitive mothers correctly interpret the needs of the infant
31
Why is Ainsworths strange situation experiment reliable
Children tested at different ages showed the same attachment type each time: Main et al found type B was continued from 18 months to 6 years Meta analysis showed same results Easily repeated by other researchers Inter observer reliability (video tape, set procedure, behavioural categories, time sampling)
32
What are the limitations of Ainsworths strange situation
Attachment is not a permanent characteristic Lacks ecological validity and realism (lab, script, procedure) Focuses too much on infants Unethical for infants Infants act differently depending on what parent they are with = invalid Lacks mundane realism Cultural bias = lacks population validity
33
Use research to evaluate Ainsworth
Main and Western: infants act differently depending on parent Brofenbrenner: stronger attachment in lab compared to home environment Main et al: the strange situation can be criticised for suggesting attachment is a permanent characteristic however Main found those with type B at 18 months also had type B at age of 6
34
In Ijzendorn's study which differences were more apparent - intracultural or intercultural
Intracultural
35
How many studies, how many countries and how many mother-infant pairs were involved with Ijzendoorns study
32 studies 8 countries 35 pairs
36
What were the findings of Ijzendoorns study
A 21% B 67% C 12%
37
Where was the highest proportion of type A attachment found
Germany
38
Give statistical evidence that the intracultural differences were larger than the intercultural ones
America - 94% A vs 47% A in different areas
39
In what 2 countries was type C most common
Israel and Japan
40
Where was type A most common in Van Ijzendoorns study
West/USA
41
Give 2 strengths and 2 limitations of Izjendorns study
Internal validity (intracultural differences found in different samples from same researcher so not down to methodological differences) Large scale However Cannot generalise to all cultures Some differences may be down to socio economic factors (EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE) Imposed etic between cultures
42
What is privation
When children never form an attachment
43
What is the difference between separation and deprivation, give an example
Separation - brief and temporary | Deprivation - long and permanent
44
What is the PDD model
Response to separation in the MDH Protest (immediate reaction, crying, clinging) Despair (child calms but will not let others comfort it, tries to comfort themselves) Detachment (child responds to people but treats everyone warily, may reject caregiver on their return)
45
Give one piece of evidence for separation
Robertson and Robertson - took those experiencing separation into a home environment and found this prevented psychological damage so negative outcomes are not inevitable Kagan et al - no direct link between separation and attachment difficulties
46
Give an example of research for deprivation
Schaffer - 25% infants negatively affected by divorce in long term, 100% short term Demi and Acock - sometimes deprivation in the form of divorce can be beneficial
47
Describe institutionalisation
When a child is taken into a group environment in a carehome or orphanage, sometimes attachments form beforehand, involved disinhibition attachment behaviour, not in family/home setting
48
How many orphans were studied and what were the independent variables
100 | RO's adopted before 6 months, RO's adopted between 6 and 24 months, British orphans
49
What did the Roman orphan study conclude
Institutional care has some long term negative effects - DAD and social problems ie when an alternative attachment has not been made however damage can be overcome by the correct nurturing environment
50
How can individual differences affect institutionalisation
Quality of care, age, maturity
51
Outline the continuity hypothesis
States attachment behaviour at a young age characterises humans throughout life, found patterns between early patent child relationships and the structure and qualify of their later bonds
52
What did youngblade and belsky research
Continuity hypothesis - 3/5 year old type B children were more curious competent and self confident in their relationships and friendships
53
What were the findings of hazan and shaver's experiment
A 24% B 56% C 90%
54
What is one limitation of hazan and shaver's experiment
Correlational
55
What did main and goldwyn design
The adult attachment interview - found correlation
56
What were the 3 types that main and goldwyn classified adults into
Dismissing (unimportant) Autonomous (important) Preoccupied-entangled
57
How did zimmerman's research contradict the continuity hypothesis
Found attachment type at 12-18 months did not predict quality of later relationships as events and individual differences ie divorce had much larger effects
58
Evaluate the continuity hypothesis
Reductionist Research is correlational Deterministic (no free will)

Psychology (Paper 1) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions