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Psychology Paper 1 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Define reciprocity

A

Description of how two people interact. Mother-infant interaction is reciprocal in that they respond to each other’s signals and elicits a response

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2
Q

Define interactional synchrony

A

Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other in a co-ordinate (synchronised) way

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3
Q

Outline a study into interactional synchrony

A
  • Meltzoff + Moore
  • Controlled observation
  • Adult displayed 1/3 facial exp + child’s (2 weeks old) reaction was filmed
  • Results: association btw infant behaviour + adults
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4
Q

Evaluate caregiver-infant interactions

A

(+) Controlled procedure - filmed + babies don’t know they’re being observed - high val

(+) Real life application - parent child interaction therapy improved interactional synchrony

(-) Observation don’t tell the purpose of IS + reciprocity - describe they occur but not purpose - not useful

(-) Socially sensitive research - suggests children at disadvantage by specific rearing practice eg. mothers may return to work

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5
Q

When do babies form a primary attachment and w/ who?

A
  • 7 months
  • Mother
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6
Q

When do babies form a secondary attachment and w/ who?

A
  • 18 months (75%)
  • Father
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7
Q

Outline the role of the father

A
  • Grossman: longitudinal study looking at parents’ behaviour to teen attachment. Qual of attachment less important for father - less important in LT emotional development
  • Qual of father’s play related to qual of adolescent attachment - play + stimulation rather than nurture
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8
Q

Outline a study into father’s being primary caregivers

A
  • Field
  • Adopt behaviour typcial of mother
  • Filmed 4 year old in FTF interaction w/ 1º mother, 2º father + 1º father
  • 1º father: more time imitating, smiling + holding babies than 2º father
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9
Q

Evaluate the role of the father

A

(-) Researchers interested in diff Q - role of father as 1º + 2º both diff - can’t ans: what is the role of the father?

(-) If distinct role then those w/o must be diff - studies found children growing in single/ same sex families don’t develop diff

(-) Social bias prevent objective observation - stereotypes cause unintentional bias + see what they expect eg. father’s are playful

(-) Socially sensitive

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10
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A
  • Asocial stage
  • Indiscriminate attachment
  • Specific attachment
  • Multiple attachment
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11
Q

Asocial stage

A
  • First few weeks
  • Behaviour towards humans + objects are similar
  • Prefer familiar adults
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12
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A
  • 2-7 months
  • Prefer people to objects
  • Don’t show stranger/seperation anxiety
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13
Q

Specific attachment

A
  • 7 months
  • Form special attachment w/ primary attachment
  • Show seperation/stranger anxiety
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14
Q

Multiple attachments

A
  • 1 year
  • Schaffer + Emerson: 29% have 2º attachment w/in month of forming 1º
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15
Q

Outline a study into stages of attachment

A
  • Schaffer + Emerson
  • 60 Glaswegian babies from working class
  • Visited every month for year + at 18 months
  • Sep anx: asked mothers bout child’s behaviour during seperations
  • Stra anx: asking anx response to unfamiliar adults
  • 50% bb showed sep anx towards specific adult btw 25 - 32 weeks
  • Attachment tended towards caregiver most interactive + sensitive
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16
Q

Evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A

(+) High ext val - observations carried out by parents, behaviour unaffected

(+) Longitudinal - good internal validity bc no confounding variables btw individuals

(-) Timing of multiple attachments is conflicting - Argues bb form specific before multiple but multi attachment appear first in collectivist cultures

(-) Problem studying asocial year - bb have poor coordination + immobile so difficult to observe

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17
Q

Outline a study into imprinting

A
  • Lorenz
  • Randomly divided goose eggs, half hatched w/ mother + other in incubator, mixed gosling to see who they’d follow
  • Incubator followed Lorenz + control followed mother
  • Identified critical period where imprinting needs to take place, if unsuccessful, chicks don’t attach to mother figure
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18
Q

Sexul imprinting

A

Birds acquire template of desirable characteristics required in mate

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19
Q

Outline a study into the importance of contact comfort

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Harlow
  • 16 rhesus monkey: 1) milk dispensed from wire mother 2)milk dispensed from cloth covered mother
  • Baby monkeys cuddled cloth in preference to wire + sought comfort regardless of which dispensed milk - contact comfort more important than food
  • Followed to adulthood: aggressive, less sociable + neglected/killed offspring
20
Q

Evaluate Lorenz’ study into imprinting

Study These Flashcards
A

(+) Supporting evidence - Guiton found chicks imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate w/ them as adults

(-) Limitation to generalising - Mammalian attachment system diff from birds eg. show more emotional attachment

(-) Conclusions have been questioned - Guiton: w/ experience they learned to mate w/ own kind

21
Q

Evaluate Harlow’s study into the importance of contact comfort

Study These Flashcards
A

(+) Practical applications - helped social workers understand risk factors in child abuse + prevent it + importance in zoo

(-) Unable to generalise to humans

(-) Unethical - monkey similar to humans to generalise findings so suffering is human-like

22
Q

Outline the role of operant conditioning as an explanation of attachment

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Crying leads to respone, as caregiver responds, crying is reinforced bc it produces pleasurable consequence
  • Caregiver recieves -ve reinforcement bc crying stops
  • Interplay of +ve + -ve reinforcement strengthens attachment
23
Q

Evaluate the learning theory as an explanation for attachment

Study These Flashcards
A

(+) Some elements of conditioning could be involved - still credible that association btw 1º+ comfort builds attachment

(-) Counter evidence from human research - Schaffer showed bb developed 1º to mother even if other carers fed them

(-)Counter evidence from animal studies - Harlow showed monkeys found comfort in cloth despite which mother fed them

(-) Oversimplifies attachment - ignores reciprocity + interactional synchrony

24
Q

Outline Bowlby’s theory as an explanation of attachment

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Attachment is innate - survival advantage
  • Monotropic - one special attachment
  • Bb born w/ social releasers - elicits caring behaviour from adult
  • Critical period - 2 years, if not, harder to form attachment
  • Forms internal working model of relationships - serves as a template for what relationships are like
25
Evaluate Bowlby's theory as an explanation of attachment
**(+) Support for IWM** - **Bailey** studies **99 mothers**, those w/ **poor attachment** to **parents** were **poorly attached** to **baby** **(+) Evidence for social releasers** - **Brazleton** instructed **1º** caregiver to **ignore bb**, **lay motionless** **(-) Mixed evidence for monotropy** - **Schaffer** + **Emerson** found most bb attached to 1 person but some **multi** at same time **(-) Socially sensitive** - feminist argue that mothers are **blamed** for children + are **pushed** to **certain lifestyle choices**
26
Outline Ainsworth's strange situation procedure
* **Controlled observation** in lab w/ **2 way mirror** * Categories: **proximity seeking**, **exploration** + **secure base**, **stranger** + **seperation** **anxiety** + **response to reunion** * **Child encouraged to explore** * **Stranger enters** * **Caregiver leaves** * **Caregiver returns, stranger leaves** * **Caregiver leaves** * **Stranger returns** * **Caregiver returns**
27
Outline Ainsworth's strange situation findings + conclusions
* **Secure** attachment: **60-75%** (**happy** to **explore** but **seeks proximity**, **moderate anxiety** + requires + **accepts comfort**) * Insecure-**avoidant**: **20-25%** (**explores freely** + **doesnt's** **seek** proximity, **little anxiety** + **doesn't** require **comfort**) * Insecure-**resistant**: **3%** (**explores less** + **seeks proximity**, **anxiety** + **resists** **comfort** at reunion)
28
Evaluate Ainsworth's strange situation
**(+) High inter-rater reliability** - **94%** agreement **(-) Culture bound** - **Japanese** mother's **rarely leave** bb so **high seperation anxiety** **(-) Confounding variable** - **main influenc**e in **anxiety** is **qual** of **attachment** but **temperment** is **important** **(-) Other attachment types** - **Main** + **Solomon**: atypical attachments which is **disorganised** attachment, **mix** btw **avoidant** + **resistant**
29
Outline Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg's meta analysis into cultural variations of attachment
* **32 studies** from **8 countries** + **btw cultures** * **Secure** was **most common** in every country * **Avoidant** next in **individualist** countries * But **collectivist** (**Israel** + **Japan**) had **resistant** next * **Variation w/in countries** was **1.5x greater** than **btw** eg. **America** securely was **46%** + **90%**
30
Outline Simonelli et al's study into cultural variation in attachment
* **76 12 month old** bb using **strange situation** + **matched** to **previous study** * **Mother's varied** in terms of **education** level + **profession** * **50% secure**, **36% avoidant** - **lower secure** found than previous * Due to **inc working hrs**
31
Evaluate cultural variations in attachment
**(+) Large sample** - I + K **2000** bbs - **inc internal val** **(-) SS in culture bound** - **designed** by **American** based on **British theory** - **imposed etic** **(-) Findings based on countries not culture** - **Tokyo**: found **similar** results to **Western** but in **rural**, **more resistant** (**-) Confounding variables** - **influence** on **anxiety** due to **qual** of **attachment** but **temperament** is **important**
32
What is the difference btw seperation and deprivation?
* Sep: child **not** being **physically** in **presence** of **1º** attachment figure * Dep: **losing emotional care** as result of **seperation**, can be **avoided** if **alt** emotional care is **offered**
33
What is the critical period, in which the child is seperated from their mother, for maternal deprivation to occur?
**30 months**
34
What are the effects of maternal deprivation?
* **Mental retardation** * **Abnormally low IQ** * **Affectionless psychopathy** - **inability** to **experience guilt**, **empathy** + **affection**, **prevents** development of normal **relationships** + **associated** w/ **criminality**
35
Outine the study into maternal deprivation
* **Bowlby 44 thieves** * 44 **delinquent teens** accused of stealing, **fam interviewed** * **Thieves interviewed** for signs of **affectionless psychopathy** * **14/44** described as AP, **12/14** experienced **prolonged seperation** from mother **first 2 yrs**
36
Evaluate maternal deprivation
**(+) Research support** - **Bifulco et al** found **women exp sep** more **likely** exp **depression/anx disorder** than control **(-) Methodologically flawed** - **researcher bias** **(-) Counter-evidence** - **Lewis replicated** study using **500**, history of **prolong sep didn't predict criminality** **(-) Sensitive period** - **czech twins isolated** from **18 months**, looked after by **loving adults** + **fully recovered**
37
Define institutionalisation
Term for **effects** of **living** in **institutional setting**. 'Institution' refers to place like **hospital** or **orphanage** where children **live** for **long periods of time**. Often **v little emotional care** provided.
38
Outline the effects of institutionalisation
* **Disinhibited attachment** - **equally friendly** to **familiar** people + **strangers** - **adaptation** to **multi caregivers** * **Mental retardation** - **not** affected if **adopted before 6 months** * **Poor parenting in future** * **Physical underdevelopment**
39
Outline Rutter's English + Romanian adoptee study
* **165 Romanian orphans** who spent early lives in institution, **11 adopted before 2** + **54** by **4** * **Physical**, **cognitive** + **social development** examined by **interviewing** **parents** + teachers at age **4**, **6**, **11** + **15**. **Progress compared** w/ **52 British children** adopted **before 6 months** * By **4 romanian children caught up** w/ british but those adopted **after 6 months** showed **clinginess**, **attention seeking** + **disinhibited attachment**
40
Outline Zeanah et al's Bucharest early intervention project
* Used **SS** to assess **95 children** aged **12-31 months** who spent most of their lives in **institutional care** * **Compared** w/ **control group** of **50 children** * Only **19%** IG were **securely attached** * **65% disorganised attachment**
41
Evaluate the effects of institutionalisation
**(+) Practical application** - institutions **avoid large no.** **caregivers** for each child, 1/2 play central role **(+) Fewer confounding variables** - **oprhan studies** involved **children** who **experienced loss** + **trauma**, **hard** to **isolate** **effects** of **institutionalisation**. **RS abandoned** at **birth** **(-) Low generalisability** - conditions **poor standard** of care **(-) Methodological flaw** - **Rutter** **didnt randomly assign** so children **adopted** may be **more sociable**
42
Define the internal working model
**Mental representation** we carry w/ us of our **attachment** to our **1º caregiver**. Important in affecting **future relationships** bc carry our **perception** of what **relationships** are **like**
43
Outline the effects of attachment types on relationships in later childhood
* **Securely** attached form **best qual friendships**, **unlikely** to be **involved** in **bullying** * **IA**: **victims** of bullying * **IR**: **bullies**
44
Outline the effects of attachment types on relationships as a parent
**Base parenting style** on **internal working model** so **attachment type passed** through fam
45
Outline a study showing the effects of attachment types on relationships in adulthood w/ romantic partners
* **Hazan** + **Shaver** * Analysed **620 replies** to **love quiz** in American local newspaper * Quiz **assessed**: **respondents' current** + **most important relationship**, **general love exp** + **attachment type** * **56% securely**, **25% IA**, **19% IR** * Attachment type reflected in romantic relationship: **secure** had **good** + **long** lasting, **avoidant** **jealous** + **fear intimacy**
46
Evaluate the influence of early attachment on later relationships
**(-) Influence of attachment type is probablistic** - **exaggerated**, not doomed to have bad relationship just higher risk, **too pessimistic** **(-) Association doesn't mean causation** - **temperment** acts as a **3rd variable** **(-) Low validity** - studies use **interviews** + **questionnaire** to asses, depend on pp honesty + realistic view **(-) Counter evidence** - **Zimmerman** assessed **infant** **attachment** + **adolescent attachment** to parents, little **relationship** **btw qual**

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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