Attachment & family bonds Flashcards
What are the stages of attachment? Proposed by who?
Bowlby (1969)
- Infant orientates and signals with no preference.
- Infant begins to prefer a person(s) to orientate and signal to.
- Infant maintains proximity to that individual.
- Attachment is measured by increased/decreased need for proximity.
How did they figure attachment styles? Who is this proposed by?
Ainsworth et al. (1978) through Strange Situation (SS)
- Mothers would be removed from the environment and the baby’s response of the mother’s absence and return would indicate type of attachment style.
What are the types of attachment styles? Who proposed this?
Ainsworth (1978)
A - Avoidant
B - Secure
C - Ambivalent
A & C are both insecure types.
What’s the point of finding out attachment styles? What are some criticisms? Cite studies.
It would help discover possible developmental outcomes.
- Find child’s attachment style.
Lewis et al. (1984) found that children with attachment style B are more obedient and more confident.
Cole (1998) states that attachment styles are Western centralised, and promotes cross cultural validity through localised versions.
Can bonds only be formed through mother and baby? Cite a study to back up your claim.
No. Schaffer & Emerson (1964) states that a strong bond could be formed through grandparents, or any other caregiver.
What is Bowlby’s maternal deprivation? What are the negative outcomes?
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation (1953, 1969) states that babies crucial first 3 years of mother-baby relationship should not be interrupted as negative outcomes (delinquency, aggression, disobedience) could occur with the mother’s absence.
What supports Bowlby’s maternal deprivation (1953, 1969)?
- Broken homes
- Institutional care
- War
These highlighted the effects of the lack of mother-baby relationship.
What are criticisms of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation?
- This is not exclusively only mother and baby relationship, but rather any significant relationship to babies.
- Correlation ≠ Causation.
- Institutional care has improved largely since then/ less detrimental effects.
What does the National Institute of Child Health and Development suggest?
High quality day care is beneficial for social and cognitive development.
What are some criticisms with the NICHD study?
- Frequent day care leads about aggression, disobedience.
- The study is USA centralised, and does not take into consideration of other cultures.
How important are fathers? When are they likely to be involved in parenting? Cite a study.
(Lewis & Lamb, 2007)
- suggests that they are just as important as mothers, and can be involved (though they are relatively slow paced with their involvement level).
- they are more likely to contribute when the mother is also working.
What influences do grandparents have on children?
Indirect influence: when their parenting of the child’s parent influences how they parent their child.
Direct influence: relationship with child.
What do Hwang and St James Roberts (1998) say about grandparent relationships with children?
State that in places like East Asia where grandparents are usually living with their grandchildren, relationships between them are especially strong.
They are also important in roles where the children’s parents have divorced, or when they are the surrogate parents.
What did Schwartz et al. (2009) say about grandparent and their relationships with children?
They said that adolescents with a good relationship with their grandparents have less emotional issues and display more prosocial behaviour.
What does Belsky’s parenting model (1984) propose?
It provides insight to factors which may affect parenting, such as the parent’s social life, marital status, personality, etc.
