Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ATTACHMENTS > ATTACHMENTS 1.0 > Flashcards

ATTACHMENTS 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

name 2 caregiver interactions (4)

A

reciprocity
-> action from one partner elicits a response from other partner
-> idea of turn taking
interactional synchrony
-> when responses are made in spec time frame to sustain a convo
-> may produce same action simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was the aim of meltzoff and moore?

A

to observe interactional synchrony in young human babies 1977

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what were meltzoff and moore procedure (5)

A
  1. infants ages 2-3 weeks took part in a controlled obs
  2. 4 actions carried out by adult + infants reponse recorded on tape
    tongue perusion,mouth opening,lip protrusion,hand opening
  3. recorded reponses watched by observer in slow motion
  4. vid then shown to independant observers who were asked what the infants were doing without knowing what action they had seen the adults do.
  5. each observer rated each vid twice .. inter and intra observer reliability could be measured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what were the findings of meltzoff and moore?

A

assosiation found between infant behaviour and adult model-> copied the adults
later shown in infants as young as 3 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were the conclusions of meltzoff and moore?

A

interactional synchrony does occur in young human infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the + of meltzoff and moore? (2)

A
  • controlled procedure -> both adult and infant filmed often at multiple angles… ensuring fine details of behaviours to be repeted and analysed
  • babies do not know being obs .. no demand characteristrics.. higher internal validity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • of meltzoff and moore?
A
  • eventhough pattern sof interactional synchrony shown, diff to know if infant means to imitate adult as they are unabe to exress their reasons… we do not know if behavours are deliberate and conscious
  • obs do not tell us purpose of synchrony and reciprocity. Feldman points out there may be some evidence synchrony helpful to developemt of mother infant attachemnt as well as emotiona dn lang development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was the aim of schaffer and emerson 1964?

A

1964 to explore age of onset and intensity of attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what was the procedure of schaffer and emerson?

A 
60 bbs from working class areas of glasgow visited monthly -> first 12 months then at 18 months old
r observed stranger anxiety when approached
recorded sep anx thru interview w mothers
mothers interviewed about bby resp to 7 everyday situations
-> mother rated bbys response from 0 to 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what were the conclusions of schaffer and emerson research?

A

human bab go thru 4 processes to make attachments

  • > asocial 0-6 weeks
  • > indiscriminate 6 weeks to 7 months
  • > specific 7 to 10/11 months
  • > multiple10/11 months onwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the characteristics in Asocial stage

A

stars forming bonds w carers
shows bias to humanlike stimuli … prefer faces
learn familiar ppl by smell and voice.
shows some prefference to familiar adults.. calmed more easily by familiar adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the characterisics of indiscriminate stage?

A 
becomes more social
tell ppl apart and prefer human company
no fear of strangers-> comforted by anyone but do prefer famil adults
most bbys no sep anx now
no attachment yet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

specific?

A

sep anx is shown when primary attach figure leaves them alone -> attachment formed
stranger anx shown towards unknown ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

multiple?

A

attachments shown towards multiple ppl

esp those who they spend lots of time with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

+ of schaffer and emerson

A

obs carried out in families own homes
… high ecological validity
babies very young .. behaviour unlikely to be affected by presence of observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • of schaffer and emerson
A

interviews w mothers biased
-> may want to make bby viewed in more pos light
.. rate bby really low -> say theydont protest
.. reducing internal validity of study

problem with how mult attach assessed
just bc baby gets distressed when an inidiv leaves room-> does not mean indiv is a ‘true’ attachment fig
-> Geiger children still have playmates as well .. may get distressed if playmate leaves room but doesnt mean they are attached
..r may lack internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the pos role of the father?

A

gieger -> motehrs more nurturing than fathers however infants find interactios with fathers more exciting and pleasureable
-> preferred as playmates
lamb -> fathers who were main caregiver to a child quickly able to become highly sens to childs needs
… sugg sens parenting not limited to female parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the neg role of fatehrs

A

hardy -> f less able to detect low levels of infant distress than mothers … sugg less affectionate and less sen as priamry caregivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is imprinting?

A

young animals form strong bond w first moving objects they see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what were the aims of lorenz?

A

1935 investigate mechanism of imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what was lorenz procedure?

A

divided clutch of goose eggs in 2 grps. one half was hatched by mother goose in normal conditions
one half placed in incubator .. first moving thing saw was lorenz
following behvaiour of goose were recorded
lorenz marked goslings… knew which grp they were from+placed them all under a box. Box lifted following behaviour observed
-> if it followed the biological mother goose, or lorenz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what were the findings of lorenz?

A

naturally hatched gossling followed mother goose
incubator gosslings foloowed L
-> when box removed gosling went to “parent” saw during hatching
.. sugg bond made to lorenz irreversible as goslings did not go to mother
imprinting would occur between 4-25 hours after hatching
hoslings who imprinted ton L tried to mate w humans when sexually mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what were the conclusions of lorenz?

A

imprinting irrversible behav
-> under biologicial control + noit learnt
close contact maintained w first moving object seen
imprinting has to happen in spec time period -> critical period
imprinting maintians offsprings safety + could be important to mating habits later on in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the + for lorenz study

A

L study has important implications for attachment researh
goslings imprintedirreversibly early in life
-> suggest critical period which underpinned by biological changes
-> behaviour is not learnt

25
Q

what are the - for L study (4)

A

cannot be used to extrapoalte findings of birds onto humans
humans are much more complex+ act differently to animals
mammalian mothers showed more emotional attachment to offspring than birds do
bc they are diff species

26
Q

what was the aim of Harlow?

A

1959see whether food or contact comfort more important in making attachments

27
Q

what was the procedure of Harlow

A

tested idea that soft objects ere preffered contct comfort over wire
one condition milk dispensed from wire mother
other the mother was covered in cloth and did not dispense milk
H measured how long monkeys clung onto each mother
so that when monkeys frightened they observef which mother they ran to
-> whoever they ran to were the one they were attached to

28
Q

what were the findings of Harlow research

A

baby monkey only clung to wire monkey when needed food, rest of the time clung to cloth mother
… m cuddled soft objects over wire
-> shows contact comfort more important to m than food when it comes to attachment behaviour
-> m struggled with mating
-> were less sociable + more aggressive

29
Q

what was the conclusion of Harlow

A

critical period for this behvaiour -> mother had to be introduced to monkey within 90days for attachment to form
after period, attachment is impossible
.. damage done by early deprivation becomes irreversible

30
Q

+ of Harlow research

A

H showed importance of quality early relationships for later social development incl ability to hold down adult reationships
-> contact comfort preffered over food in attachment behaviour -> isolated monkeys long-term dysfunctional behaviour illusrrates imoprotance

helped social workers understand risk factors in childs neglect and abuse
-> vital for all childrens need to be catered for

31
Q
  • of H research
A 
severe ethical problems
-> left longterm damage on monkeys used
-> mating problems + more aggressive
-> early deprivation ... process irreversible
findings cannot be extrapolated
32
Q

what is Bowlby’s monotropic theory oif attachment?

A

believed that attachment behaviour was an innate
bond with main care giver is special .. diff from any other bonds made
B claimed baby makes 1 bond first (monotropy)
-> usually mother
mothers more sens to babys needs than fathers
first attacment serves as the Internal Working Model
bby use attachment figure as a safe base from which they can explore
Critical period around age 2

33
Q

what is the IWM?

A

first attachment is the basis of all expecatations abd rules regarding later relationships in life
.. same type of relationship formed
aka continuity hypothesis

34
Q

what happens if attachment is poor?

A

exploration cannot occur as child will not be able to move for from its base
… cognitive development will be hindered

35
Q

who’s theory supports Bowlby’s theory

A

McCarthy

Black and Schutte

36
Q

Mccarthy?

A

interviewed women whose attachment types had been recorded in infancy
-> found anxious-avoidant infants grew up to have most difficulty in romantic relationships
anxious resistant infants grew up to have poorest relationships
-> both AR AA are poor quality attachments
securely attached infants grew up to hvae most successful roamntic relationships + friendships

37
Q

Black and Schutte?

A

found in interviews those who repoted warm loving relationships w mothers as a child had loving relationships w life partner
-> supports IWM + continuity hypothesis

38
Q

whos theory contradicts Bowlbys?

A

Geiger

Schaffer and emerson

39
Q

Geiger? Schaffer and emerson?

A

Bowlby overlooked improtance of father
-> fathers acted as playmate as more exciting and pleasureable

27% babies formed a joint first attachment

  • > contradicts bc B said babies bond to 1 person first
  • > monotropy
40
Q

define monotropy

A

the first attachment and is a single attachment

later serves as the IWM

41
Q

define innate

A

present at birth and doesnt have to be taught

42
Q

define critical period

A

period in which attachment most likely to occur

CP for bowlby is before age of 2

43
Q

what are the 2 learning theories which explain attachment behaviour

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

44
Q

beaviourists belied taht the formation of an attachment could be explained thru CC

A

food is the UCS
-> makes the dog drool (UCR)
the bell acts as a NT
when the NT is paired with UCS several times
-> dog will learn to associate NT bell with food and drool
… food will no longer be needed to make dog drool (for the UCR to occur)
bell becomes CS and drooling because CR
whenever dog sees bell it will think of food and drool

45
Q

behavourists believed that the formation of ana ttachment could be explained through the process of OC

A

when a certain type of behaviour rewarded-> behaviour will occur more frequently
… becomes reinforced
when behaviour punished -> less liekly to repeat behaviour

46
Q

what is pos reinforcement?

A

involves receiving a reward
… pleasant conseq
… more likely to repeat behaviour
-> getting a sticker for putting hand up

47
Q

what is neg reinforcement?

A

involves removing smth unpleasant
-> pleasant conseq
.. more likely to repeat behaviour
-> taking medicine to relieve pain

48
Q

what is pos punishment

A

involves giving something

  • > neg conseq .. less likely to repeat behaviour
  • > getting a detention for not doing your homework
49
Q

what is negative punishment

A

involves taking away smth pleasant
neg conseq .. less likely to repeat behaviour
-> getting your phone confiscated for going on it in class

50
Q

what is association?

A

when you link the NS to UCS

51
Q

how does operant conditioning relate to attachment?

A

dollard and miller sugg human infant feel uncom when enter primary hunger drive
drive motivates b to find some way to lessen the discomfort of being hungry… cry
being fed satisfies b hunger .. makes it feel comfortable again-> pleasure
-> this is rewarding + b learns food is reward or primary pos reinforcer
the person who suppleis food is associated w food -> secondary pos reinforcer
.. from then on infant seeks to be w this person bc now a source of reward
.. infant has become attached
-> b attached when mother becomes CS

52
Q

what do OC and CC have in similarity

A

b always attached to the feeder

53
Q

what were the findings of schaffer and emerson

A

attachments developed in babies roughly in line w age
65% of babies had mother as first attach fig
30% of cases mothers was joint first attach fig
3% of abbies had father as first attach
27% of casesfather was joint firdst attach fig

54
Q

what is an attachment?

A

a strong emotional and reciprocal bond between 2 ppl

esp between infant and its caregiver

55
Q

what are 4 characteristics of attachment identified by Maccoby?

A

seeking proximity esp times of stress
distress of sep
pleasure when reunited
general orientation of behaviour towards the pcg and used as a safe base

56
Q

what is the importance of attachments?

A

2 short term

1 long term

57
Q

what are the short term benefits of an attachment

A

for survival-> attach offer care + protection+security for infants
safe base from which to explore-> aid cognitive development

58
Q

what is the long term benefits of attachments?

A

IWM

ATTACHMENTS (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions