Attatchment

Question 1

What are care-giver infant interactions

Answer 1

the reciprocal relationship between an infant and their caregiver. It involves the communication and emotional exchanges between the two parties, which have a profound impact on the infant’s development.

Question 2

What is reciprocity

Answer 2

responding to the action of the other party with a similar action
Action of one elicits a response in the other conversation like creating a rhythm

Question 3

What is interactional synchrony

Answer 3

When the two people interact and the mirror what the other is doing with both facial and body movement

Question 4

Evaluation of infant-caregiver interactions - problems with infants

Answer 4

infants mouth are in fairly constant motion and the expression tested occur frequently e.g. yawning, smiling, tongue out. This makes it difficult to distinguish between general activity and specifically imitated behaviour
Meltzoff and Moore recorded the infants and got external observers to overcome this

Question 5

Evaluation of caregiver infant interactions - research support

Answer 5

Meltzoff and Moore (1977) found infants as young as 2 weeks imitated hand and face gestures from and adult model

Question 6

Evaluation of caregiver infant interactions - individual differences

Answer 6

Individual differences - Isabella et al (1989) found that more strongly attached infant care giver pairs showed greater interactional synchrony.

Question 7

Evaluation of caregiver infant interactions - failure to replicate

Answer 7

Other studies have not been able to replicate meltzoff and moore e.g. Koepe
Reduces reliability
Could be because of methodology

Question 8

Schaffer’s stages of attachment (1964)

Answer 8

Longitudinal study followed 60 infants from working class families in Glasgow over 2 years
Asocial attachment
Indiscriminate attachment
Discriminate/specific attachment
Multiple attachment

Question 9

What is asocial attachment

Answer 9

0-2 months
Behaviour between humans and non-humans is similar
happier with humans than alone
Prefer faces to non-faces
smile at anyone
accept comfort form anyone

Question 10

What is indiscriminate attachment

Answer 10

2-7 months
recognise and prefer familiar people
smile more at familiar faces
Preference for people rather than inanimate objects
don’t show separation anxiety from caregiver or stranger anxiety

Question 11

What is discriminate/specific attachment

Answer 11

7-12 months
primary attachment to one individual (who offers most interaction and responds to signals) and experience separation anxiety from this person
stranger anxiety
Use familiar adults as a secure base

Question 12

What is multiple attatchments

Answer 12

1+ years
form secondary attachments with familiar adults

Question 13

Evaluation of Schaffer (1964) - stage theories

Answer 13

Stage theories - suggest that development occurs in a specific order making it inflexible and is a problem if the stages become normal and families are judged as abnormal if this standard is not met

Question 14

Evaluation of schaffers stages of attachment - asocial stage

Answer 14

Poor evidence for the asocial stage - as young babies have poor co-ordination and are fairly immobile they display anxiety in hard to observe ways which may not have been noticed and reported back. Babies may be social but because of flawed methods appear to be asocial

Question 15

Evaluation of Schaffers stages of attachment - population validity

Answer 15

all working class families from one place and in the 1960s may not be applicable for different social groups, countries or time periods

Question 16

Evaluation of Schaffers stages of attachment - unreliable data

Answer 16

Data collected was from mothers reports, some mothers may be less sensitive to how their infant behave and would not notice little details and not report them
challenges validity of data and stage

Question 17

Lorenz (1935) imprinting procedure

Answer 17

Took a clutch of Gosling eggs and split them into 2 groups
1 group was left with their natural mother
1 group was placed in an incubator and the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz
He marked the 2 groups then placed them together while both the natural mother and Lorenz were present

Question 18

Lorenz (1935) imprinting findings

Answer 18

The goslings divided themselves up one group followed their natural mother the other group followed Lorenz
Lorenz’s group showed no recognition of their natural mother
Noted that the process of imprinting was restricted to a definitive period of the young animals lives called the critical period
If a young animal is not exposed to a moving object during the critical period the animal will not imprint
Suggests animals can imprint on a persistently present moving object within its first 2 days
Observed that imprinting to humans does not occur in some animals e.g. curlews will not imprint on a human

Question 19

What is imprinting

Answer 19

A process similar to attachment as it binds a young animal to a care giver in a special relationship

Question 20

Lorenz (1935) long lasting effects of imprinting

Answer 20

The process is irreverible and long lasting
One of the gees called Marina slept on Lorenz’s bed every night
Early imprinting had an impact on mating preferences called sexual imprinting, animals (especially birds) will choose to mate with the same kind of object which the imprinted to

Question 21

Harlow (1959) learning theory contradiction procedure

Answer 21

Created 2 wire mothers, one was wrapped in cloth
Studied 8 infant Rhesus monkeys over 165 days.
4 of the monkeys the fully wire mother had a milk bottle and for 4 of the monkeys the cloth mother had the milk bottle
Measurements were made for how long each monkey spent with the different mothers
Observations of the infants responses when frightened were also made

Question 22

Harlow (1959) contradiction to learning theory findings

Answer 22

All 8 monkeys spent the majority of their time with the cloth mother (17-18 hours a day) whether or not it had the milk bottle
Those fed from the wire mother only spent a short amount of time with it getting food then returned to the cloth mother
When frightened all the monkeys clung to the cloth mother and when playing with new objects the monkeys often kept one foot on the cloth mother seemingly for reassurance
Suggests infants do not develop attachment to food providers but to the person offering contact comfort

Question 23

Harlow (1959) contradiction to learning theory long lasting effects

Answer 23

The motherless monkeys (even those with contact comfort) developed abnormally
Socially abnormal - froze or fled when approached by other monkeys
Sexually abnormal - did not show normal mating behaviour and did not cradle their own babies
Also found a critical period
If the motherless monkeys spent time with monkey peers the seemed to recover but only if this happened before they were 3 months
Having only a wire mother for more than 6 months was not able to be recovered from

Question 24

Evaluation of Lorenz (1935) - research support

Answer 24

a number of other animal studies have demonstrated imprinting e.g. Guiton (1966) demonstrated Leghorn chicks exposed to yellow rubber gloves while being fed in their first few weeks became imprinted on the gloves. Supports the view that animals are not born with a predisposition to imprint on a specific type of object but probably on a moving thing that is present in the critical period. Guiton also found that later the male chicks tried to mate with the gloves which supports sexual imprinting

Question 25

Evaluation of Lorenz - Imprinting criticism

Answer 25

The accepted view was that imprinting was irreversible. It is now understood that it is more plastic e.g. Guiton (1966) found he could reverse the imprinting in the chicks that were trying to mate with the rubber gloves. If they spent time with their species they were able to engage in normal sexual behaviour.

Question 26

Evaluation of Harlow (1959) - confounding variables

Answer 26

the 2 wire mothers varied in more ways than just having cloth or not. The 2 heads of the mothers were also different. It may be possible that the monkeys preferred the cloth mother because they preferred the head.

Question 27

Evaluation of Harlow - generalisation

Answer 27

Humans differ to monkeys at their decisions are governed by conscious decision. However Schaffer and Emerson's supports that infants were not attached to the food provider

Question 28

Evaluation of Harlow - ethics

Answer 28

Ethics - This study could not be done with humans and their are questions about whether it should be done with monkeys. The study created lasting emotional harm as the monkeys found it difficult to form relationships with their peers. But it could be justified as the findings have had a significant effects on our understanding of attachment and has helped to better care for humans and primates

Question 29

Learning theory

Answer 29

All behaviour is learnt rather than inborn. When children are born they are blank slates and their behaviour can be explained in term of their experiences as they learn through classical and operant conditioning

Question 30

Classical conditioning for learning theory

Answer 30

The unconditioned stimulus (food) produces the innate unconditioned response (pleasure). During the infants early life the person providing food (neutral stimulus) becomes associated with the UCS (food) and will produce the same response (pleasure). The food provider is now a conditioned stimulus and produces the conditioned response of pleasure

Question 31

Operant conditioning for learning theory

Answer 31

When the infant is fed the drive for food/hunger is reduced producing feelings of pleasure. negative reinforcement as it is escaping something unpleasant.

Question 32

Evaluation of learning theory - Harlow

Answer 32

Contradicted by Harlow (1959) as the monkeys spent more time with the cloth monkey even when it did not provide food

Question 33

Evaluation of learning theory - alternate explanation

Answer 33

Bowlby's theory of attachment

Question 34

Learning theory evaluation - based on animal studies

Answer 34

Skinner and Pavlov lack the ability to be generalised to humans

Question 35

Evaluation of learning theory - reductionist

Answer 35

Reduces the complex human behaviour to stimulus and response

Question 36

Bowlby's Monotropic attachment theory why attachment forms

Answer 36

Attachment evolved because it serves an important survival function. In the past if an infant was not attached it is less well protected as they would not remain close to an adult. It is also important that the attachment is two ways to ensure the infants are cared for and survive.

Question 37

Bowlby's monotropic theory critical period

Answer 37

babies have an innate drive to become attached. the critical period for attachment is around 3-6 months. Infants that do not have the opportunity to form an attachment during this time seem to have difficulty forming attachments later on

Question 38

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment social releasers

Answer 38

Important to ensure that attachment forms from the parent to the baby. Mechanisms such as smiling and having a babyface all elicit caregiving. Innate mechanism to help attachment form

Question 39

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment monotropy

Answer 39

Infants have one special emotional bond (the primary attachment relationship). This is often the mother. Infants also form secondary attachments that provide an emotional safety net and are important for healthy psychological and social development

Question 40

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment internal working model

Answer 40

An infant has one special attachment and forms a mental representation of this relationship. It gives insight into the caregivers behaviour and allow the infants to influence the caregivers behaviour so a true partner hip can be formed. Also acts as a template for all future relationships as it generates expectations about what intimate loving relationships are like.

Question 41

Bowlby's Monotropic theory of attachment continuity hypothesis

Answer 41

Individual who are strongly attached in infancy continue to be socially and emotionally competent whereas those who are not strongly attached have more social and emotional difficulties in childhood and adulthood

Question 42

Evaluation of Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment - critical period

Answer 42

critical period - there have been studies into children who did not form an attachment in this period. Rutter shows that Bowlby's claim is true to an extent but although attachments are less likely to form they are not impossible.

Question 43

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment evaluation- adaptive

Answer 43

Bowlby suggests attachments develop after 3 months, if this mechanism was for protection it would be very late and in the pat it would be better for infant to become attached immediately, this may be linked to the fact humans are immobile till around 6 months when they begin to crawl which is when attachment is crucial therefor supporting Bowlby.

Question 44

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment evaluation - temperament

Answer 44

Infants innate emotional personality (temperament) may explain attachment behaviour. Those with an easy temperament are more likely to become strongly attached as it is easier to interact with them and vice versa Belsky and Rovine (1987) found infants between 1-3 days old showing difficult temperaments were more likely to have insecure attachments Bowlby says attachment is due to primary attachment whereas it could be due to temperament

Question 45

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment evaluation - alternative explanation

Answer 45

Learning theory

Question 46

Ainsworth (1971, 1978) the strange situation procedure

Answer 46

observed infants behaviour in a novel environment and under mild stress using a 1 way mirror and recorded what the infant is doing every 15 seconds. 8 episodes each lasts 3 minutes 1. infant in the novel environment, infant plays, parent sits. assessing use of parent as a secure base 2. Stranger enters and talks to parent. Assesses stranger anxiety 3. parent leaves, infant plays, stranger offers comfort if needed. Assesses separation anxiety 4. Parent returns, greets infant, offers comfort if needed, stranger leaves. Assesses reunion behaviour 5. Parent leaves, infant alone. Assesses separation anxiety 6. Stranger enters and offers comfort. Assesses stranger anxiety 7. Parent return, greets infant, offers comfort. Assesses reunion behaviour

Question 47

Ainsworth (1971,1978) the strange situation secure attachment

Answer 47

high willingness to explore moderated stranger anxiety distressed separation anxiety (some easy to soothe) enthusiastic reunion behaviour 66% of infants were secure

Question 48

Ainsworth (1971,1978) the strange situation insecure - avoidant attachment

Answer 48

high willingness to explore low stranger anxiety indifferent separation anxiety avoids contact reunion behaviour 22% of infants were insecure-avoidant

Question 49

Ainsworth (1971,1978) the strange situation insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 49

low willingness to explore high stranger anxiety intense distress separation anxiety seeks and rejects reunion behaviour 12% of infants were insecure-resistant

Question 50

Secure attachment mothers behaviour

Answer 50

affectionate and sensitive to the baby, understanding what it needs and providing it reasonably quickly

Question 51

Insecure-avoidant mothers behaviour

Answer 51

appears insensitive to babies needs, ignoring it and showing little affection

Question 52

Insecure-resistant mothers behaviour

Answer 52

Inconsistent in her affections, sometimes rejecting sometimes affectionate, frequently misunderstanding babies needs

Question 53

Evaluation of Ainsworth strange situation - 4th attachment type

Answer 53

Main and Soloman analysed over 200 SS videos and proposed insecure disorganised - lack of consistent patterns in social behaviours, dealing with stress and attachment type

Question 54

Evaluation of the strange situation - temperament hypothesis

Answer 54

Kagan suggests temperament (genetically influenced personality of the child) is more important than attachment, temperament may be a confounding variable meaning SS does not purely measure attachment reducing validity

Question 55

Evaluation of the strange situation - High reliability

Answer 55

Inter-observer reliability - observers compared measurements to see if they agreed, in SS there was 0.94 agreement when rating exploratory behaviour meaning the observations were reliable

Question 56

Evaluation of the strange situation - cultural bias

Answer 56

In some countries being avoidant would be good as they are needed to be independent secure being the best attachment is not the same for all cultures

Question 57

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg procedure

Answer 57

meta-analysis of 32 SS studies with almost 2000 mother-infant pairs from 8 countries

Question 58

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg major findings

Answer 58

West Germany - 35% avoidant, 8% resistant, 56% secure Japan - 27.1% resistant, 5.2% avoidant, 67.7% secure variation of attachment type within cultures was 1.5x greater than variation between cultures

Question 59

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg conclusions

Answer 59

Secure attachment is most common across all cultures there is a lot of variation within cultures e.g. 40% secure in 1 US study 90% secure in another

Question 60

explanation for differences in cultural attachments

Answer 60

Japan - collectivist country, child-rearing places emphasis on close family relationships, mothers rarely leave their child and don't leave them with strangers, mothers are sensitive to needs West Germany - individualist culture, child-rearing requires distance between parents and child to have independent non-clingy child who obeys demands not make them

Question 61

Evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg - research support

Answer 61

Grossman and Grossman did SS in Germany and found significant portion were insecure-avoidant, Takahashi did SS in Japan and found 32% were insecure resistant

Question 62

Evaluation of Van Ijzedoorn and Kroonenburg - lack of standardisation

Answer 62

as it was a meta-analysis they were not decided the procedure used meaning different procedures may have been used

Question 63

Evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg - cultural differences

Answer 63

In the SS it is assumed that willingness to explore is a sign of secure attachment how in japan for example dependence would show security so may appear insecure by Western ideals

Question 64

Evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg - countries not cultures

Answer 64

They compared countries not cultures, within countries there are many sub-cultures with different childrearing practices. Explains why there was so much variation within countries Caution is needed when using "cultural variation" as the sample may not have been representative of a certain culture

Question 65

Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - value of maternal care

Answer 65

just food, safety and warmth was not enough, infants need a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with a mother or permanent mother substitute to ensure normal mental health

Question 66

Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - critical period

Answer 66

child who is denied such care because of frequent or prolonged separations may become emotionally disturbed but only if the deprivation occurs before the age of around 2 and 1/2 years and there is not permanent mother substitute

Question 67

Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - long term consequences

Answer 67

emotional maladjustment mental health problems intellectual damage

Question 68

Bowlby 44 thieves study procedure

Answer 68

studied 88 emotionally maladjusted children at a child guidance clinic, 44 had been caught stealing other 44 were control group Bowlby suggested the thieves were affectionless psychopaths which enabled them to be thieves

Question 69

Bowlby 44 thieves study findings

Answer 69

14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths 12/14 were separated from carer for more than 6 months 0/44 non-thieves were affectionless psychopaths 2/44 were separated from carer for more than 6 months

Question 70

Evaluation of Bowlby's 44 thieves study - experimenter bias

Answer 70

Bowlby carried out the interviews and was looking to prove his hypothesis

Question 71

Evaluation of Bowlby's 44 thieves study - causal relationship

Answer 71

as it was not an experiment there will have been many extraneous and confounding variables and cause and effect cannot be established

Question 72

Evaluation of Bowlby's 44 thieves study - external validity

Answer 72

was a real life study so showed the true affect of maternal deprivation in real-life situations

Question 73

Evaluation of Bowbly's 44 thieves study - real world application

Answer 73

Before Bowlby's research children were separated from their parents when they spent time in hospitals and visiting was discouraged or forbidden. Bowlby's theory made major social change in the way children are cared for in the hospital

Question 74

Evaluation of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - individual differences

Answer 74

seen in his results not all maternally deprived were affectionless psychopaths

Question 75

Rutter (2010) effect of institutionalisation procedure

Answer 75

165 Romanian children who spent their early lives in Romanian institutions 111 were adopted by the age of 2 all had been adopted by 4

Question 76

Rutter (2010) findings

Answer 76

At the time of adoption the orphans were behind in physical, cognitive and social development. They were smaller lighter and classified as "mentally retarded" some had caught up to British counterparts by 4 almost all who were adopted before 6 months caught up large minority have significant deficits (problems with peer relationships and disinhibited attachments)

Question 77

Effects of institutionalisation

Answer 77

physical underdevelopment Intellectual under functioning Disinhibited attachment Poor parenting

Question 78

Evaluation of effect of institutionalisation - individual differences

Answer 78

research shows some are not as affected as others meaning it is not possible to conclude that institutionalisation always leads to an inability to form attachments

Question 79

Evaluation of effect of institutionalisation - real world application

Answer 79

can be applied to improving the lives of children in care, importance of early adoption. Mother used to nurse baby then give it up, by the time baby was adopted sensitive period for attachment may have passed. Now most adopted in first week

Question 80

Evaluation of the effect of institutionalisation - longitudinal studies

Answer 80

as the studies are over such a long period of time they see how the children changed as they developed. If the studies stopped they may have thought the effects were much worse than the are

Question 81

Evaluation of effect of institutionalisation - slower development

Answer 81

it may be the effect do disappear with good quality emotional care it just takes time The last assessment in the study was age 11 and a lower number of children showed disinhibited attachment The children may just need more time to learn to cope research implies the effects are permanent which may not be true

Question 82

influence of early attachment - internal working model

Answer 82

Infants learn about relationships from experience, infant learns what relationships look like and how people behave towards each other

Question 83

Hazan and shaver internal working model procedure

Answer 83

put a love quiz in the "rocky mountain news" asking about current and previous attachment experiences to identify current and childhood attachment types analysed 620 responses

Question 84

Hazan and Shaver internal working model - findings

Answer 84

attachment style similar to strange situation - 56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant correlation between attachment type and love experience Secure - love experience happy, friendly and trusting and more enduring average 10 years insecure - 5-6 years

Question 85

behaviours influence by the internal working model

Answer 85

childhood friendships poor parenting - Harlow romantic relationships mental health

Question 86

evaluation of effect of early attachment - correlation

Answer 86

cause and effect relationship cannot be established

Question 87

evaluation of effect of early attachment - retrospective classification

Answer 87

When adults recollect information about their childhood it is likely to be flawed. However longitudinal studies also support Hazan and Shaver e.g. Simpson (2007) found those securely attached in childhood were more socially competent as children, closer to their friends at 16 and more emotionally attached to partners in adulthood

Question 88

Evaluation of influence of early attachment - determinist

Answer 88

research suggests early experience have a fixed effect on later adult relationships however it is much more complex

Question 89

Evaluation of influence of early attachment - Research support

Answer 89

Fearon and Roisman (2017) concluded early attachment consistently predicts later attachment, emotional well-being and attachment to own children

Question 90

Attachment to fathers

Answer 90

Much less likely to be a babies first attachment figure compared to mothers

Question 91

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) role of the father

Answer 91

Majority of babies first became attached to their mothers around 7 months Only 3% the father was the first attachment figure However later on 75% were attached to fathers by 18 months

Question 92

role of the father in development - Grossman (2002)

Answer 92

thought that fathers role is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with emotional development

Question 93

Fathers as a primary attachment figure - Field (1978)

Answer 93

suggest that when fathers take on the role of primary care giver they are able to adopt the emotional role more typically associated with mothers filmed 4 month old babies interacting with mothers and fathers who were primary and secondary attachment figures primary fathers showed more smiling and interacting than secondary fathers

Question 94

Evaluation of the role of the fathers - inconsistent findings

Answer 94

some studies are interested in their role as primary attachment figures some secondary and they find different things so not clear what the role of the father

Question 95

Evaluating the role of the father - role changes

Answer 95

Freeman (2010) found male children are more likely to prefer their father as an attachment figure that female children

Question 96

Evaluating the role of the father - real world appication

Answer 96

Can be used to offer advice to parents. Mothers may worry about going back to work and fathers may be pressured to focus on work which may not work economically. This research can reassure them as well as lesbian or single mothers assured not having a father does not affect development

Question 97

Evaluating the role of the father - ethical issues

Answer 97

Claiming children without fathers are no different to those with can be offensive to fathers and may lead to them getting less in legal proceedings